Post Traumatic Stress Disorder - 1004 Words

The current criteria of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder has changed since the DSM-IV. In the DSM-V, the diagnostic criteria draws a clearer line when detailing what establishes a traumatic event. The DSM-V pays more attention to the behavioral symptoms that accompany PTSD and proposes four distinct diagnostic clusters instead of three. They are described as re-experiencing, avoidance, negative cognitions and mood, and arousal. Re-experiencing is the spontaneous memories of the traumatic event, recurrent dreams related to it, flashbacks or other intense psychological distress. Avoidance refers to distressing memories, thoughts, feelings or external reminders of the event. Negative cognitions and moods represent endless feelings from a†¦show more content†¦People with PTSD are at much greater risk for developing other anxiety disorders, depression, eating disorders, and substance use disorders. In addition to mental health problems, people with PTSD are also 6 times as likely a s someone without PTSD to attempt suicide. People with PTSD also seem to be at greater risk for a number of physical health problems, including pain, diabetes,obesity, heart problems, respiratory problems, and sexual dysfunction. PTSD can also interfere with a persons ability to work and maintain relationships. People with PTSD miss more days at work and work less efficiently than people without PTSD. Certain symptoms of PTSD, such as having a hard time concentrating and problems with sleeping, may make it difficult for a person with PTSD to pay attention at work, stay organized, or even make it to work on time. It has been found that people with PTSD may be more likely to not make it through high school or college. In addition, people with PTSD are more likely to have problems in their marriage than people without PTSD. Partners of people with PTSD are faced with a number of stressors that go along with caring for and living with someone with a chronic disease. These stressors are financial strain, managing the persons symptoms, dealing with crises, loss of friends, or loss of intimacy. These stressors can have a major negative impact on a relationship. Today, there are many treatments available for PTSD. CognitiveShow MoreRelatedPost Traumatic Stress Disorder980 Words   |  4 PagesToday we are here to figure out why is it that past events are the triggers that cause Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder is an anxiety disorder that some people get after seeing or undergoing a dangerous event. There are various symptoms that begin to show or actions that can give a clear answer whether one may be diagnosed with this disorder. One of the many problems is that no age range is safe from suffering PTSD. One must ask themselves what set of events happenedRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder851 Words   |  3 PagesPost Traumatic Stress Disorder Introduction â€Å"There are currently over 400,000 Veterans in treatment for PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder) and it is estimated that with the Iraq and Afghanistan wars there is an additional 33% increase in our returning soldiers.† Post Traumatic Stress Disorder has become a severe issue for veterans returning from overseas. One of the most effective, yet unused resources given to veterans to help them cope with their disorder is specially trained dogs. TheseRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder884 Words   |  4 Pagesof traumatic incidents, such as mugging, rape, torture, being kidnapped or held captive, child abuse, car accidents, train wrecks, plane crashes, bombings, or natural disasters such as floods or earthquakes.† (NIMH) Families of veterans struggle to help their loved ones. â€Å"Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder caused by a person’s exposure to life-threatening or otherwise traumatic circumstances.† (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder affectsRead MorePost-Traumatic Stress Disorder1630 Words   |  7 Pagesare now accessing mental health services for the treatment of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder. Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) defined by DSM-IV-TR is â€Å"characterised by the re-experiencing of an extremely traumatic event accompanied by symptoms of increased arousal and by avoidance of stimuli associated with the trauma† (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 2000). There are many impacts and effects this disorder has on refugees requiring treatment, interventions, education andRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder1086 Words   |  5 Pagesfirst hand the effects of posttraumatic stress disorder. It is not possible to respond to emergency after emergency and not be subject to some of PTSD’s effects. When I saw this topic in the list I felt compelled to use this opportunity to learn more. My hope is by increasing my knowledge, of a disorder s o prevalent in my career field; I can recognize the symptoms in others and myself before there effect becomes devastating. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, or PTSD as it is more commonly referredRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )944 Words   |  4 Pageswith Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD Stats). Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder is a mental disorder common found in veterans who came back from war. We can express our appreciation to our veterans by creating more support programs, help them go back to what they enjoy the most, and let them know we view them as a human not a disgrace. According to the National Care of PTSD, a government created program, published an article and provides the basic definition and common symptoms of PTSD. Post-traumaticRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd ) Essay1550 Words   |  7 PagesPost Traumatic Stress Disorder â€Å"PTSD is a disorder that develops in certain people who have experienced a shocking, traumatic, or dangerous event† (National Institute of Mental Health). Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) has always existed, PTSD was once considered a psychological condition of combat veterans who were â€Å"shocked† by and unable to face their experiences on the battlefield. Much of the general public and many mental health professionals doubted whether PTSD was a true disorder (NIMH)Read MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd ) Essay1401 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to the Mayo-Clinic Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, commonly known as PTSD is defined as â€Å"Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition that s triggered by a terrifying event — either experiencing it or witnessing it. Symptoms may include flashbacks, nightmares and severe anxiety, as well as uncontrollable thoughts about the event† (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2014). Post Trau matic Stress disorder can prevent one from living a normal, healthy life. In 2014, Chris Kyle playedRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd ) Essay1453 Words   |  6 Pages84.8% of those diagnosed Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder still show moderate impairment of symptoms, even 30 plus years after the war (Glover 2014). As of today, the Unites States has 2.8 million veterans who served in the Afghanistan and Iraq wars, of those it is estimated that 11 to 20% currently suffer from Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. As of 2013, a total of 12,632 veterans of the Afghanistan and Iraq wars are currently diagnosed with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (Glover 2014). Of course itRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1471 Words   |  6 PagesRunning head: POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER 1 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Student’s Name Course Title School Name April 12, 2017  Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Post-traumatic stress disorder is a mental disorder that many people are facing every day, and it appears to become more prevalent. This disorder is mainly caused by going through or experiencing a traumatic event, and its risk of may be increased by issues

How Psychological Theory Can Support Individuals with...

Describe, analyse and evaluate how psychological theory can support individuals with additional needs within an environment. The wide range of Special educational needs (SEN) , meaning schools have to be adaptable and diverse to cater for the wide range of additional needs. This essay will briefly describe the range of SEN and outline how historical findings, government strategies and different psychological theories have changed the way SEN are approached. Types of SEN: ‘Autism was first described by the American Leo Kanner in 1943’ (Hodder Arnold., 2002.,) Students with Autism are known to suffer from social problems and find it hard to understand different social situations so would need consistency and routine in their lives along†¦show more content†¦They believed teachers could change the way they approach different SEN and make amendments for those who needed it in order to cater for their needs. In 1978 The Warnock report set out to provide provisions for handicapped children in ordinary schools. The report focused on many subjects that can be seen as important towards dyslexic students such as the proposal to drop categorisation as this would enable students to be seen as individuals rather than a group of students with similar needs meaning IEPs could be implemented to help them. The report also suggested extra teacher education to enable teachers to understand the need for curricular considerations for certain students. In 1981 the Education act made it a legal requirement to assess children in order to discover the scale of their learning difficulties; this would specifically target student’s individual needs which can be seen as a great advantage. The Special Educational Needs and Disability Act (SENDA) was implemented in 2001 to ensure that disabled students are not discriminated against in education or any other learning environments. The Act included a wide range of opportunities to be made for those with SEN such as field trips, courses and work placements in order for them to socialize with people with equal learning difficulties. Gifted and talented: Looking at the history of SEN it would appear that there is very little recognition of students whoShow MoreRelatedImpact Of Theory On Data Review1392 Words   |  6 PagesImpact of Theory on Data Review NSM. The NSM looks at a system that is constantly changing. Health and wellness is on a continuum with use of prevention and intervention to maintain optimal wellness. The health of the cancer survivor returning to primary has a very different definition of optimal wellness. The NMS premise the primary means of nursing influencing patient needs is prevention care (Hoffman, 2012). Prevention in terms of screening for significant concerns post-cancer care can strengthenRead MoreCulture Shock Essay1136 Words   |  5 Pageschanging cultures can have a major impact on the way people function. Boncher tends to stick to the idea that stress and anxiety can be heavily induced not only by encountering a different culture than an individuals own, culture- shock, but also through the way the new culture treats visitors from other cultures. Kalervo Oberg in 1960 used culture- shock to describe how this stress of new cultures takes place in the individuals changing cultures. The idea that expo sure to a new culture can create psychologicalRead MoreSocial Disparities Within A Family Essay1637 Words   |  7 Pageswithin a family can affect the way a family functions along with affecting the individual. The affect on the children within the at-risk families can have a detrimental effect on their current health status as well as their future. This paper will discuss the characteristics in the creation of social disparity, the relationship of theories to individuals and families experiencing social disparity, the theory which best applies, a plan to combat social disparities in family health, how the interventionsRead MoreThe Nurse s Role As Educator And A Review Of Learning Theories1546 Words   |  7 PagesThe Nurse’s Role as Educator and a Review of Learning Theories Nurses are critical to the success of patient education in the health care setting. The amount of time that nurses spend at the bedside, positions them to help families cope with illness, prevent disease, promote health, and learn the self-care skills for discharge planning. In this paper, I will summarize some of the topics from Susan Bastable’s textbook, Nurse as Educator: Principles of Teaching and Learning for Nursing Practice.Read MoreAnalysis Of Bartholomew Quot ; An Adult Attachment Model1378 Words   |  6 Pagesattachment, and how the behaviors, thoughts, and feelings associated with this group disrupts the fundamental need for meaningful connections to people. Baumeister Leary (1995) developed the Need to Belong Theory, which states that people have a pervasive drive to form and maintain stable interpersonal relationships marked by stability, affective concern, and longevity. Research provides empirical data that those with a dismissive attachment style present with behaviors that negate the need to form andRead MoreThe Philosophical And Theoretical Roots Of Pender s Theory809 Words   |  4 Pagesphilosophical and theoretical roots of Pender’s theory are similar to Nightingales Environmental theory model. According to Pender, Murdaugh Parson (2011) human beings interact with their environment and shape it to meet their needs and goals. Two of Pender’s theories that are explained in the HPM are the expectancy value theory and the social cognitive theory. According to Pender, Murdaugh Parson (2011) the expectancy value theory individuals engage in actions to achieve goals that are perceivedRead MoreBiological And Psychological Perspectives On Genetic And Mental Disorders963 Words   |  4 Pages Biological and psychological perspectives seek to explain the underlying cause of criminal behavior through the means of individual genetic and mental ailments. However, these views are different from sociological aspects in that s ociological theories focus on environmental factors found among groups and do not account for genetic and personality traits of those who have come from both good and bad situations. Therefore, psychologist and biologist try to account for influences of a genetic and mentalRead MoreMaslow s Hierarchy Of Needs Essay1527 Words   |  7 Pagesworkers. Leaders need to create willingness amongst the employees to operate at their highest potential; this willingness is referred to as motivation. This report is based on a content/needs theory of motivation (Maslow’s hierarchy of needs). It consists of two pieces of primary research on the theory. The first one summarises worker motivation on selected construction sites in Bangkok and the second one is a study of Ethnic differences and motivation based on Maslow’s Theory on Iranian EmployeesRead MoreHow Much Is Milk Worth My Going At The Store?998 Words   |  4 Pagesan initial need for grocery shopping (i.e., you are out of milk, eggs, etc.). Next, you consider what you would rather (an evaluation of utility) do. This cost-benefit analysis continues until going seems to bring greater utility or until staying does. Though these calculations require a second or so in your mind, in decomposing this choice, one finds a series of individual decisions contributing to the final. These subdecisions may â€Å"How much is milk worth my going to the store?† or â€Å"How much doesRead MoreHow Individual Employee s Behavior At Work Might Be Influenced By Different Factors1213 Words   |  5 PagesP1.3: Discussing how individual employee’s behavior at work might be influenced by different factors of GSK Around is a convinced way persons work in a precise circumstances. Not at all dualistic individuals act in comparable habits. There are personalities who discovery it problematic to holder pressure although present are positive individuals who have the capability to face sudden conditions with a smile. Personal: Employees possibly will practice a little spit and skill on certain of their abilities

Information Technology on Business Operations

Question: Discuss about the Information Technology on Business Operations. Answer: Introduction The concern of the present report is to identify the impact of information technology (IT) on one of the leading organizations of telecommunication Telstra. Therefore, following the concern, the paper would identify and evaluate significance of IT on sustaining the business operations of Telstra. Additionally, the report will attempt to understand the advantages and risks related with the implementation of IT in business. Henceforth, to understand the possible risks and advantages, the report will investigate in what ways and upon whom a business organization such as Telstra uses IT. Telstra and the importance of IT on the organization Prior to understand the significance and impact of IT in the business operations of Telstra, it is essential to denote that Telstra is considered as the largest enterprise for telecommunication and media. Therefore, it is easy to comprehend that the fundamental operations of Telstra chiefly depends on information technology. The organization is distinguished as the finest builder and operator of telecommunication networks and various media and entertainment products like mobile and internet access (Liu et al. 2013). According to Piotrowicz and Cuthbertson (2014), the role of IT is to unify and integrate telecommunications. On the other hand, the function of IT is regarded as one of the pillars of economic development for acquiring competitive advantage on national level. Henceforth, Telstras fundamental operation, which is to provide telecommunication access to the society, is understandably dependent upon the premise of Information technology. Telstra presently offers network application based softwares along with IP networks such as unified communications, cloud and industry solution and cable network to SMEs and individual customers. Therefore, it is understandable that from designing networks and establishing solutions for the network related problems to maintain flexible communication among the internal stakeholders, IT plays a dominant role in the operations of Telstra (Liu et al. 2013). Use of IT for holding sustainability In terms of sustaining the business operations for a long time, Telstra believes in improving its operational resilience, commercial sustainability along with corporate social responsibility. Organizations of Australia like Telstra have started to use IT as an apt instrumental solution for alleviating every kind of internal operational challenge. Most importantly, with the help of IT, telecommunication organizations like Telstra can maintain a proper flow of communication with their internal and external stakeholders. According to Drnevich and Croson (2013), business sustainability of an organization largely depends on how the organization is addressing their stakeholders needs through regular conversation. Requirement for implementing IT on Telstras business In terms of business survival for Telstra, it seems that Information Technology works as the lifeline. It is interesting to note that Telstra itself is a company that makes business on the role of IT. However, for a business organization like Telstra, implementation of Information and communication technology has been a requirement at the initial stage. It can be stated that for implementing IT, Telstra would have required a large amount of investment for acquiring equipments and their installation, a particular design and a training session for the employees (Chae et al. 2014). Considering Telstras service to provide telecommunication solutions to small and medium sized enterprise, it is understandable that a large amount of investment is required for implementing IT facilities. For example, installation of IT tools like cable and network testers, cable tools and butt sets are found to be essential for the basic activities of Telstra. On the other hand, to accomplish the functions o f the implemented IT equipments, it is essential to hire experienced employees or to provide adequate training. In this case, an organization like Telstra needs to prioritize providing hands-on Instructor led training (Workman 2014). For the business purpose of Telstra, training for providing solutions on network access problems is necessary. Therefore, from implementation to training, an enterprise like Telstra needs huge investments and potential infrastructures. Use of IT in different premises For the considered organization, the functions of IT are required equally for both internal and external stakeholders. Telstras service is predominantly oriented with network service, which is impossible to accomplish without the IT infrastructure. Therefore, the use of IT infrastructure is required for the employees of a telecommunication organization like Telstra, whose basic work is related with network service (Taylor 2015). For example, an operational IT infrastructure namely Integrated Operations Management is convenient to gather, monitor and analyze information from multiple internal sources of an organization. At the same time, it helps in managing multiple vendors and maintaining complex and hybrid technological environments of large head organizations. On the other side, Telstras suppliers who play a strong role in achieving the organizations agenda for sustainability are encouraged by the organization to reduce environmental impacts. Side by side, Telstra prefers to provide online support to their customers. For example, with the help of IT Telstra has already introduced smart application like Smart Home and SIM only plans for their clients. Therefore, it is understandable that the infrastructure of IT is used extensively to make necessary communication with the internal stakeholders and monitoring their performance along with supporting the customers with several applications (Argenti 2015). Benefits and advantages of IT It is needless to contemplate that IT has become an integral part of almost every modern business operations. From increasing communication to develop competitive advantages, IT infrastructure is a complete solution for a prosperous business. Predominantly, IT infrastructure supports in maintaining streamlined work flow and in increasing efficiency in a business, which leads to increase the profit margin. For an organization like Telstra, benefit of IT can be categorized among the following Increase the revenue margin Implementation of IT infrastructure in business helps in less amount of time for accomplishing a task. At the same time, with the growing development in the ground of technical innovation, installation of several IT instruments have become relatively affordable. Therefore, it is indicative of the fact that the biggest benefit of IT is, it saves production cost and saves an impressive amount of time. In terms of consequence, organizations achieve satisfying revenue margin through increasing productive amount (Taylor 2015). For an organization like Telstra, IT infrastructure not only helps in reaching and addressing their clients on time but also support the organization in creating loyal customers. Flexible communication Productivity is determined by communication or in other words, flexible communication fosters the decision-making process in a business and maximizes a companys volume of expansion in new territories. Nowadays, electronically based communication systems are also utilized for disseminating business information along with operational routines (Dinev et al. 2013). Therefore, in an organization like Telstra, IT equipments help in sending business reports or necessary business information to keep the employee well updated on any critical business projects. With the help of IT and ICT equipments, Teltras employees can stay well informed about new applications available for the clients and customer feedback regarding the companys service. Work remotely It is probably one of the most significant facilities of IT tools that it helps employees and clients to get easy access to an organizations electronic networks. Easy access of an organizations network helps in working in anytime from anywhere, which indicates growth in productivity as well as a fruitful and satisfying employee-customer relationship (Popovi? and Jakli? 2015). For Telstra, who desires to provide the facility to access network solution from anywhere to their customers, this particular beneficial feature of IT equipments seems to be more of an essential requirement (Willcocks 2013). For example, Telstra already uses its websites and numerous digital applications like Smart Home to help their clients, which has helped the organization to earn a huge success. Risks related to the use of IT It is unfortunate to denote that instead of having the capability to address every significant area of business efficiently, use of IT carries several risk related to privacy, confidentiality and security. Risk related to privacy and confidentiality It has been discussed that with the help of IT equipments, both customers and employees can easily access to an organizations network access. It paves the way for criminal IT threats like altering data for illegal benefit, stealing sensitive information and illegally breaking network privacy. On the other hand, due to malicious design of software computer operations can get disrupted and even create incorrect processing and disposal of important data (Borghoff and Pareschi 2013). Therefore, for Telstra there are several possibility that their technological operations and could fail due to software malfunctioning. Most significantly, Telstras implementation of several eye-catchy digital applications and the facility to get easy access to the company network can provoke the rival organizations to hack their system and can copy significant business data. On the other hand, there is the issue of virus, which can let any of the companys secret computer code to get copied and spread from o ne system to another and bringing several disruptions to the operation systems (Aykin 2016). Most significantly, as the productivity of Telstra chiefly depends upon IT equipments, any sudden malfunction or disruption can disturb the entire operation or production process. Therefore, probability of functional disruption is constant for an organization like Telstra (Aykin 2016). Way to monitor and maintain Considering the possible risks, it is significant to identify convenient monitoring and maintaining systems for IT equipments. For a telecommunication organization like Telstra, use of EPMC (Equipment performance monitoring service) can prove convenient (Jussila et al. 2014). To monitor whether any disruption related to IT is existing in the operation management, large head business organization like Telstra could effectively use EPMC that helps to deliver value to the operations through the process of producing validated information about all the technical equipments. (Bloom et al. 2014) Moreover, with the help of this service, an organization can more efficiently run their operational and production related process and at the same time can scheduled IT related activities and track the operating performances. Conclusion It has been understood from the above business report that IT has become an essential requirement for the modern day business operations as it helps in consuming less time and saves cost. Therefore, it has been identified that impressive amount of productivity comes with the use of IT. Alongside, IT infrastructure supports an organization like Telstra to maintain a flexible communication with their internal and external stakeholders. The report has pointed out that the considered organization Telstra uses IT for providing easy access to network solutions to their clients. However, considering possible risks related to IT, it can be recommended that, it is required to adopt the framework of Risk IT that is a set of guiding principles, help in effectively managing IT risks. However, prior to use guiding frameworks like Risk It, it is essential initially to identify and assess the risk factors. Furthermore, it is to suggest that enterprises like Telstra should review risk management systems after implementing them and should develop several plans to acquire responses. References Argenti, P.A., 2015.Corporate communication. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Aykin, N. ed., 2016.Usability and internationalization of information technology. CRC Press. Bloom, N., Garicano, L., Sadun, R. and Van Reenen, J., 2014. The distinct effects of information technology and communication technology on firm organization.Management Science,60(12), pp.2859-2885. Borghoff, U.M. and Pareschi, R. eds., 2013.Information technology for knowledge management. Springer Science Business Media. Chae, H.C., Koh, C.E. and Prybutok, V.R., 2014. Information Technology Capability and Firm Performance: Contradictory Findings and Their Possible Causes.Mis Quarterly,38(1), pp.305-326. Dinev, T., Xu, H., Smith, J.H. and Hart, P., 2013. Information privacy and correlates: an empirical attempt to bridge and distinguish privacy-related concepts.European Journal of Information Systems,22(3), pp.295-316. Drnevich, P.L. and Croson, D.C., 2013. Information technology and business-level strategy: Toward an integrated theoretical perspective.Mis Quarterly,37(2), pp.483-509. Jussila, J.J., Krkkinen, H. and Aramo-Immonen, H., 2014. Social media utilization in business-to-business relationships of technology industry firms.Computers in Human Behavior,30, pp.606-613. Liu, Z., Paul, M., Telekom, D., Kunze, R. and Mach Chen, H., 2013. Network Working Group Simon Delord (editor), Telstra Internet Draft Raymond Key (editor), Huawei Category: Standard Track Frederic Jounay, Orange CH Expires: August 2013 Yuji Kamite, NTT Communications. Piotrowicz, W. and Cuthbertson, R., 2014. Introduction to the special issue information technology in retail: Toward omnichannel retailing.International Journal of Electronic Commerce,18(4), pp.5-16. Popovi?, A. and Jakli?, J., 2015. Understanding the Influence of Business Intelligence Systems on Information Quality: The Importance of Business Knowledge.Business Intelligence: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications, p.96. Taylor, P., 2015. The importance of information and communication technologies (ICTs): An integration of the extant literature on ICT adoption in small and medium enterprises. Willcocks, L., 2013.Information management: the evaluation of information systems investments. Springer. Workman, M., 2014. New media and the changing face of information technology use: The importance of task pursuit, social influence, and experience.Computers in Human Behavior,31, pp.111-117.

The City of San Diego Essay Example

The City of San Diego Essay San Diego is considered one of the most attracting, enticing and interesting cities in the Southern California. Actually, the city is located in the southwest of the United Stated of America. San Diego’s population amounts more than one million people and, therefore, the city is claimed to be the second largest city in California and, consequently, the seventh largest city in America. San Diego is also a county seat of San Diego Country with area covering about 3 million people. San Diego is a beautiful natural harbor that managed to entice the Spanish missionary Father Junipero Serra who was too charmed by the city and, thus, decided to found the first series of missions in the city in the middle of the 17th century. San Diego is a seat of US primary Pacific naval base which was established during the World War II to defend US sea borders. (Official Website) Nowadays, San Diego is large metropolitan center being a year-around resort for tourists from the whole world. San Diego is a thriving commercial seaport possessing large naval base. Main advantage of the city is that, despite its large size, it seems less frenzied and congested that New York and Los Angeles. Today, the city encompasses several distinct communities spreading south and north along the foothills of the mountains. San Diego is seen as a fascinating combination of high-rise hotels, resorts and modern office buildings. The city is famous for its restored â€Å"Gas Lamp Quarter†. (Official Website) Visitors and tourists are allowed to see large convention centers, extensive yacht basins, unique shopping centers and variety of luxurious bars, clubs and restaurants. The city offers wide range of museums, one of the best zoos and other cultural attractions. San Diego International Airport makes it easier for tourists to reach the country and to breathe its heady air. Nevertheless, it is necessary to admit that life isn’t cheap in San Diego. According to recent estimations, the cost of living in San Diego exceeds such cities as New York and Chicago. Despite, the residents say that costs are nothing compared with alluring life in the city. (Official Website) We will write a custom essay sample on The City of San Diego specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The City of San Diego specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The City of San Diego specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer San Diego provides a significant base for technological researches and innovations due to the University of San Diego and the affiliated office of UCCSD Medical Center. Economy of the city is mostly agricultural, though special attention is paid to development of biological science, computer technologies, electronics manufacturing, financial and business services, defense-related manufacturing, telecommunications service, and, indeed, tourism. The number of tourists amounts hundreds of thousands annually. (Official Website) Climate and Weather Typically, San Diego has about 150 sunny days and about 120 party cloudy or rainy days annually. Therefore, the climate is considered a semi-arid warn steppe. It means that the city enjoys mostly sunny and mild weather throughout the whole year. Thus, the weather is hospitable having comfortable temperatures in all seasons. Winters are characterized by warm and sunny days, though the nights are rather cool. Summer days are pleasantly warm and breeze from the Pacific Ocean moderates the heat not to be tropically hot and sun. The city doesn’t have problems with air pollution compared with New York and Los Angeles. Speaking about average temperatures, they are varying from 57-72 Fahrenheit. The hottest periods are late summer and beginning of autumn. It goes without saying that colds, ice and snow rarely occur in the winter, they are present only inland from the coast. (Hagaman 2001) One interesting moment is local saying â€Å"May gray and June gloom† symbolizing that San Diego has often troubles with fog appearing in the mentioned months. The temperatures may significantly rise only on rare occasions, especially when Santa Anas (easterly winds) bring dry and hot air from deserts located inlands. Speaking about rainfall, they are mostly concentrated in the cooler seasons, in particular from December till March. Nevertheless, precipitations are lower than in other cities of the Western coat. Rains are rare in summer months; therefore, the city is subjected often to floods and droughts. Practically no hurricanes and thunderstorms are observed. Summing up, the comfortable weather is one more reason to visit or to reside in San Diego. Despite fogs and Santa Anas, the climate is really mild and tender for most people. (Steinberg 2005) Population, Demographics and Income According to estimates of 2000, San Diego amounts more 1,223,400 people. The number of households is 271,315 and the number of families residing in San Diego is more than 270,000. Thus, the density of population equaled in 2000 3,771.9 people per square mile. Today, the city is culturally diverse meaning that many races and ethnicities along with native population form city’s identity. Major residents include: white population – 46.4%, Hispanics – 25.4%, African Americans – 10.8%, Filipino Americans – 6.1%, Vietnamese – 2.2%; Native Americans – 1.3%, Chinese – 1.9%, Japanese – 0.8%, Korean – 0.6% and, finally, Asian Indian – 0.6%. Apparently, whites and Hispanics are dominant population within the city. (Official Website) Out of 450, 690 households about 30% had children under full age who lived with their parents. About 50% were married coupled living under one roof and about 10% were characterized by one female householder without husband. About 39% of households were non-families. About 28% of households in 2000 consisted of individuals, whereas about 7% were made up of aged people. The city’s population: 24.0% young people from 18-24; 34.0% people from 25-44; up to 19% middle aged people from 45-64; 10.5%- aged people over 65 years of age. Interestingly, according to statistics, for every hundred of females there were 101.7 males. Therefore, San Diego’s women are provided with better choices. (Official Website) Speaking about income, it is known that the median city income for a household equaled $45,733 meaning that the income for a family amounted $53,060. Men are observed to earn more than women $36,984 and $31,076 relatively. San Diego’s income per capital was about $23,600. It is necessary to admit that about 15% of residents live below the poverty line. Among those people are 20.0% of children under full age and about 8% of aged people over 65. (Official Website) Nevertheless, the positive trends are present in San Diego. According to estimations, in 2006 the median income has significantly increased. Thus, San Diego in 2006 had the 5th largest household income among cities with population over 250,000. Estimations for future indicate that in 2030 the city will have slightly large population with increased median household and per capita incomes. The city will be characterized by substantially different ethnic population. In particular, large ethnic groups such as Hawaiians and Hispanics will increase their population, whereas whites and African Americans will decrease. (Official Website) Tourism and Places of Interest As it is mentioned above San Diego welcomes visitors and tourists throughout the year. The city entails lots of culturally and historically interesting places, museums, monuments and simply beautiful places which are really worth visiting. Among places of interest are Birch Aquarium, nude Black’s Beach, Cabrillo National Monument, Miramar Airshow, Mount Soledad, Old Globe Theatre, Old Mission Dam, Presidio of San Diego, San Diego Wild Animal Park, Star of India, San Diego Zoo, Seaport Village and Sea World at Mission Bay. (What to See 2005) However, every tourist coming to San Diego should visit the beaches of Coronado Peninsula. Balboa Park, for example, contains numerous museums and one of the best zoos in the United States. Most tourists tend to visit Junipero Serra museum to listen to the history of the city and restored Mission San Diego. The city offers enticing boat excursion around the city harbor to sea the nave base and a stroll along embankment to see the famous Gas Lamp Quarter. More adventuresome tourists have an opportunity to arrange fishing excursions, air-combat experiences and hot air balloon rides. (What to See 2005) The city is also famous for its unique shopping centers situated downtown. Among them is Horton Plaza Shopping Center.   Small luxurious boutiques and shops can be easily found along the Embacadero and at the Fisherman’s Village. Old Town district tempts tourists. Among nearby attractions of San Diego is, certainly, Los Angeles being in two hours drive from the city. Los Angeles includes Hollywood, Beverly Hills, Long Beach and dozens of other communities. Actually, many tourists prefer visiting the city during Adams Avenue Roots Festival, Asian Film Festival, Comic-Con, Holiday Bowl, Open Air Book Fair, Over-the-line, Poinsettia Bowl, San Diego Pride Parade and Street Scene Music Festival. Employment Opportunities San Diego’s employees are provided with certain employment benefits and job opportunities. Employee Benefits Department of San Diego offers cafeteria benefits plans, ensures holiday rest and provides savings and retirement plans. â€Å"Cafeteria† plan responds to demands and changing needs of all employees because it allows them to select the benefits which they consider the best suited. For example, employees are provided with health insurance, life insurance, dental and vision plans, 401K retirement plan, medical reimbursement, illness protection plan and cash payments. (Employment Opportunities 2001) Saving plans are available for employees as well. There are two main saving plans – mandatory and optional saving plans. Mandatory plan provides â€Å"a convenient way for eligible employees to add to their savings for retirement income which will be independent of, and in addition to, City Employees Retirement System (CERS) benefits†. (Employment Opportunities 2001) Optional saving plans – 401K and deferred compensation, give and opportunity to place certain amount of salary into special account, where â€Å"it and the interest it earns are not subject to income taxation until they are actually paid out to the employee†. (Employment Opportunities 2001) Variety of jobs is available in the city. Despite the fact that unemployment is still present, many people tend to be promoted to ensure better future for themselves and their families. San Diego’s main income comes from tourism and, therefore, one-third of population is occupied in the related spher e. Cuisine The city is characterized by privileged position on the Pacific Ocean and comfortable climate. Therefore, San Diego’s residents enjoy abundance of quality dining. The city is provided with fresh organic products from Chino Farms and with tender wines from nearby Temecula and San Pasqual Valley. The city is ethnic and cultural mist and there is no surprise that it entails wide range of cuisines. For example, San Diego is charming mix of Mexican, Italian, Spanish, French, Greek, German, Latin, Asian, Indian and Filipino cuisines. Additionally, the city is famous for its seafood restaurants and steakhouses. Mexican restaurants are highly appreciated due to close proximity to Mexican border. However, the city has its own original homemade and haute cuisines. Due to favorable climate and open access to the Pacific Ocean San Diego is a center of fishing and growing vegetables and exotic fruits. San Diego benefits from tuna industry and supply of seafood. (Hagaman 2001) Among the famous Mexican dishes are rolled tacos, carne asada, burritos, enchiladas, fish tacos, ceviche and carne asada fries. Woodfired and California-style pizzas are appreciated among city’s population. Asian specialties and flavorings provide usual dishes with string and spicy tastes. No city can exist without original beer. San Diego’s brewing community amounts 22 brewpubs and one specialized brewery called Stone Brewing. City’s brewers are famous for pioneering Double India Pale Ale. San Diego locally produced sweet and hard apple cider, grows vegetables and fruits such as olives, eggplants, tomatoes, olives, avocados, mushrooms, lemons, limes, oranges, grapefruits, strawberries, apples, persimmons, melons and pomegranates. Actually, no resident or visitor remains indifferent to abundant and tasty cuisines because food production and supply is impressive. One can find food complying with personal preferences and tastes. (Steinberg 2005) Culture San Diego’s culture is diverse and vivid as well. It is known that city’s culture is greatly affected by tourism and, the city is trying to develop new tourist attractions and to improve existing ones as, for example, Zoo, Seaworld and Wild Animal Park. Spanish influence is observed in many historic sites throughout the city – Balboa Park and Spanish Missions. Balboa Park is famous for San Diego Museum of Art, the San Diego Museum of Man, the San Diego Natural History Museum and the Museum of Photography. La Jolla is famous for its Museum of Contemporary Art located in ocean front building. Historic ships are exhibited in the Maritime Museum. Art scene is small, though rapidly growing. For example, â€Å"Kettner Nights† arranges exhibitions in design stores and galleried on selected Fridays. â€Å"Ray at Night† contains small art galleried and arranges exhibitions on Saturdays each month. (Steinberg 2005) The San Diego Symphony regularly performs and the San Diego Opera is ranked as one of the best opera companies in the country. Old Globe Theatre produces more than 10 musicals and play annually. Other smaller theatres produce dancing, musical and theatrical shows. San Diego is known also for its annual Gay Pride Parade. The crowds usually exceed 100,000 people. The city has great index of gay and lesbian population in Southern California and the index is higher even than in Los Angeles. (Hagaman 2001) Summing up, San Diego is a modern American city being ethnically and culturally diverse. The climatic and weather conditions allow comfortable living and city’s cuisines impress due to their mixture of tastes and flavors. The city is of historical important and large number of museums proves that fact. San Diego’s employees are provided with wide range of job opportunities and benefits. The City of San Diego Essay Example The City of San Diego Essay San Diego is considered one of the most attracting, enticing and interesting cities in the Southern California. Actually, the city is located in the southwest of the United Stated of America. San Diego’s population amounts more than one million people and, therefore, the city is claimed to be the second largest city in California and, consequently, the seventh largest city in America. San Diego is also a county seat of San Diego Country with area covering about 3 million people. San Diego is a beautiful natural harbor that managed to entice the Spanish missionary Father Junipero Serra who was too charmed by the city and, thus, decided to found the first series of missions in the city in the middle of the 17th century. San Diego is a seat of US primary Pacific naval base which was established during the World War II to defend US sea borders. (Official Website) Nowadays, San Diego is large metropolitan center being a year-around resort for tourists from the whole world. San Diego is a thriving commercial seaport possessing large naval base. Main advantage of the city is that, despite its large size, it seems less frenzied and congested that New York and Los Angeles. Today, the city encompasses several distinct communities spreading south and north along the foothills of the mountains. San Diego is seen as a fascinating combination of high-rise hotels, resorts and modern office buildings. The city is famous for its restored â€Å"Gas Lamp Quarter†. (Official Website) Visitors and tourists are allowed to see large convention centers, extensive yacht basins, unique shopping centers and variety of luxurious bars, clubs and restaurants. The city offers wide range of museums, one of the best zoos and other cultural attractions. San Diego International Airport makes it easier for tourists to reach the country and to breathe its heady air. Nevertheless, it is necessary to admit that life isn’t cheap in San Diego. According to recent estimations, the cost of living in San Diego exceeds such cities as New York and Chicago. Despite, the residents say that costs are nothing compared with alluring life in the city. (Official Website) We will write a custom essay sample on The City of San Diego specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The City of San Diego specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The City of San Diego specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer San Diego provides a significant base for technological researches and innovations due to the University of San Diego and the affiliated office of UCCSD Medical Center. Economy of the city is mostly agricultural, though special attention is paid to development of biological science, computer technologies, electronics manufacturing, financial and business services, defense-related manufacturing, telecommunications service, and, indeed, tourism. The number of tourists amounts hundreds of thousands annually. (Official Website) Climate and Weather Typically, San Diego has about 150 sunny days and about 120 party cloudy or rainy days annually. Therefore, the climate is considered a semi-arid warn steppe. It means that the city enjoys mostly sunny and mild weather throughout the whole year. Thus, the weather is hospitable having comfortable temperatures in all seasons. Winters are characterized by warm and sunny days, though the nights are rather cool. Summer days are pleasantly warm and breeze from the Pacific Ocean moderates the heat not to be tropically hot and sun. The city doesn’t have problems with air pollution compared with New York and Los Angeles. Speaking about average temperatures, they are varying from 57-72 Fahrenheit. The hottest periods are late summer and beginning of autumn. It goes without saying that colds, ice and snow rarely occur in the winter, they are present only inland from the coast. (Hagaman 2001) One interesting moment is local saying â€Å"May gray and June gloom† symbolizing that San Diego has often troubles with fog appearing in the mentioned months. The temperatures may significantly rise only on rare occasions, especially when Santa Anas (easterly winds) bring dry and hot air from deserts located inlands. Speaking about rainfall, they are mostly concentrated in the cooler seasons, in particular from December till March. Nevertheless, precipitations are lower than in other cities of the Western coat. Rains are rare in summer months; therefore, the city is subjected often to floods and droughts. Practically no hurricanes and thunderstorms are observed. Summing up, the comfortable weather is one more reason to visit or to reside in San Diego. Despite fogs and Santa Anas, the climate is really mild and tender for most people. (Steinberg 2005) Population, Demographics and Income According to estimates of 2000, San Diego amounts more 1,223,400 people. The number of households is 271,315 and the number of families residing in San Diego is more than 270,000. Thus, the density of population equaled in 2000 3,771.9 people per square mile. Today, the city is culturally diverse meaning that many races and ethnicities along with native population form city’s identity. Major residents include: white population – 46.4%, Hispanics – 25.4%, African Americans – 10.8%, Filipino Americans – 6.1%, Vietnamese – 2.2%; Native Americans – 1.3%, Chinese – 1.9%, Japanese – 0.8%, Korean – 0.6% and, finally, Asian Indian – 0.6%. Apparently, whites and Hispanics are dominant population within the city. (Official Website) Out of 450, 690 households about 30% had children under full age who lived with their parents. About 50% were married coupled living under one roof and about 10% were characterized by one female householder without husband. About 39% of households were non-families. About 28% of households in 2000 consisted of individuals, whereas about 7% were made up of aged people. The city’s population: 24.0% young people from 18-24; 34.0% people from 25-44; up to 19% middle aged people from 45-64; 10.5%- aged people over 65 years of age. Interestingly, according to statistics, for every hundred of females there were 101.7 males. Therefore, San Diego’s women are provided with better choices. (Official Website) Speaking about income, it is known that the median city income for a household equaled $45,733 meaning that the income for a family amounted $53,060. Men are observed to earn more than women $36,984 and $31,076 relatively. San Diego’s income per capital was about $23,600. It is necessary to admit that about 15% of residents live below the poverty line. Among those people are 20.0% of children under full age and about 8% of aged people over 65. (Official Website) Nevertheless, the positive trends are present in San Diego. According to estimations, in 2006 the median income has significantly increased. Thus, San Diego in 2006 had the 5th largest household income among cities with population over 250,000. Estimations for future indicate that in 2030 the city will have slightly large population with increased median household and per capita incomes. The city will be characterized by substantially different ethnic population. In particular, large ethnic groups such as Hawaiians and Hispanics will increase their population, whereas whites and African Americans will decrease. (Official Website) Tourism and Places of Interest As it is mentioned above San Diego welcomes visitors and tourists throughout the year. The city entails lots of culturally and historically interesting places, museums, monuments and simply beautiful places which are really worth visiting. Among places of interest are Birch Aquarium, nude Black’s Beach, Cabrillo National Monument, Miramar Airshow, Mount Soledad, Old Globe Theatre, Old Mission Dam, Presidio of San Diego, San Diego Wild Animal Park, Star of India, San Diego Zoo, Seaport Village and Sea World at Mission Bay. (What to See 2005) However, every tourist coming to San Diego should visit the beaches of Coronado Peninsula. Balboa Park, for example, contains numerous museums and one of the best zoos in the United States. Most tourists tend to visit Junipero Serra museum to listen to the history of the city and restored Mission San Diego. The city offers enticing boat excursion around the city harbor to sea the nave base and a stroll along embankment to see the famous Gas Lamp Quarter. More adventuresome tourists have an opportunity to arrange fishing excursions, air-combat experiences and hot air balloon rides. (What to See 2005) The city is also famous for its unique shopping centers situated downtown. Among them is Horton Plaza Shopping Center.   Small luxurious boutiques and shops can be easily found along the Embacadero and at the Fisherman’s Village. Old Town district tempts tourists. Among nearby attractions of San Diego is, certainly, Los Angeles being in two hours drive from the city. Los Angeles includes Hollywood, Beverly Hills, Long Beach and dozens of other communities. Actually, many tourists prefer visiting the city during Adams Avenue Roots Festival, Asian Film Festival, Comic-Con, Holiday Bowl, Open Air Book Fair, Over-the-line, Poinsettia Bowl, San Diego Pride Parade and Street Scene Music Festival. Employment Opportunities San Diego’s employees are provided with certain employment benefits and job opportunities. Employee Benefits Department of San Diego offers cafeteria benefits plans, ensures holiday rest and provides savings and retirement plans. â€Å"Cafeteria† plan responds to demands and changing needs of all employees because it allows them to select the benefits which they consider the best suited. For example, employees are provided with health insurance, life insurance, dental and vision plans, 401K retirement plan, medical reimbursement, illness protection plan and cash payments. (Employment Opportunities 2001) Saving plans are available for employees as well. There are two main saving plans – mandatory and optional saving plans. Mandatory plan provides â€Å"a convenient way for eligible employees to add to their savings for retirement income which will be independent of, and in addition to, City Employees Retirement System (CERS) benefits†. (Employment Opportunities 2001) Optional saving plans – 401K and deferred compensation, give and opportunity to place certain amount of salary into special account, where â€Å"it and the interest it earns are not subject to income taxation until they are actually paid out to the employee†. (Employment Opportunities 2001) Variety of jobs is available in the city. Despite the fact that unemployment is still present, many people tend to be promoted to ensure better future for themselves and their families. San Diego’s main income comes from tourism and, therefore, one-third of population is occupied in the related spher e. Cuisine The city is characterized by privileged position on the Pacific Ocean and comfortable climate. Therefore, San Diego’s residents enjoy abundance of quality dining. The city is provided with fresh organic products from Chino Farms and with tender wines from nearby Temecula and San Pasqual Valley. The city is ethnic and cultural mist and there is no surprise that it entails wide range of cuisines. For example, San Diego is charming mix of Mexican, Italian, Spanish, French, Greek, German, Latin, Asian, Indian and Filipino cuisines. Additionally, the city is famous for its seafood restaurants and steakhouses. Mexican restaurants are highly appreciated due to close proximity to Mexican border. However, the city has its own original homemade and haute cuisines. Due to favorable climate and open access to the Pacific Ocean San Diego is a center of fishing and growing vegetables and exotic fruits. San Diego benefits from tuna industry and supply of seafood. (Hagaman 2001) Among the famous Mexican dishes are rolled tacos, carne asada, burritos, enchiladas, fish tacos, ceviche and carne asada fries. Woodfired and California-style pizzas are appreciated among city’s population. Asian specialties and flavorings provide usual dishes with string and spicy tastes. No city can exist without original beer. San Diego’s brewing community amounts 22 brewpubs and one specialized brewery called Stone Brewing. City’s brewers are famous for pioneering Double India Pale Ale. San Diego locally produced sweet and hard apple cider, grows vegetables and fruits such as olives, eggplants, tomatoes, olives, avocados, mushrooms, lemons, limes, oranges, grapefruits, strawberries, apples, persimmons, melons and pomegranates. Actually, no resident or visitor remains indifferent to abundant and tasty cuisines because food production and supply is impressive. One can find food complying with personal preferences and tastes. (Steinberg 2005) Culture San Diego’s culture is diverse and vivid as well. It is known that city’s culture is greatly affected by tourism and, the city is trying to develop new tourist attractions and to improve existing ones as, for example, Zoo, Seaworld and Wild Animal Park. Spanish influence is observed in many historic sites throughout the city – Balboa Park and Spanish Missions. Balboa Park is famous for San Diego Museum of Art, the San Diego Museum of Man, the San Diego Natural History Museum and the Museum of Photography. La Jolla is famous for its Museum of Contemporary Art located in ocean front building. Historic ships are exhibited in the Maritime Museum. Art scene is small, though rapidly growing. For example, â€Å"Kettner Nights† arranges exhibitions in design stores and galleried on selected Fridays. â€Å"Ray at Night† contains small art galleried and arranges exhibitions on Saturdays each month. (Steinberg 2005) The San Diego Symphony regularly performs and the San Diego Opera is ranked as one of the best opera companies in the country. Old Globe Theatre produces more than 10 musicals and play annually. Other smaller theatres produce dancing, musical and theatrical shows. San Diego is known also for its annual Gay Pride Parade. The crowds usually exceed 100,000 people. The city has great index of gay and lesbian population in Southern California and the index is higher even than in Los Angeles. (Hagaman 2001) Summing up, San Diego is a modern American city being ethnically and culturally diverse. The climatic and weather conditions allow comfortable living and city’s cuisines impress due to their mixture of tastes and flavors. The city is of historical important and large number of museums proves that fact. San Diego’s employees are provided with wide range of job opportunities and benefits.

Chinua Achebes Things Fall Apart Essays - African Writers Series

Chinua Achebe's Things Fall Apart Chinua Achebe's Things Fall Apart presents its readers with an African tribe and its culture. Okonkwo, a well-respected member of the tribe, has some very interesting attributes. Specifically, he has an undying desire to be manly at all times complimented by a deeply rooted fear of being thought of as weak. Okonkwo has a very short, violent temper that is immediately triggered in response to actions that he deems to be weak. Okonkwo basically lived by the phrase, act first and think it through later. Unfortunately, almost every time that Okonkwo lets loose his violent temper in his manly way, he brings trouble upon himself, as well as those around him. One way to explain his actions and the misfortunes that usually follow is to conclude that Okonkwo has bad luck. Another way of looking at this fact is to say that the events are a result of coincidence. However, I disagree with these views, and instead assert that Achebe deliberately made sure that after each of Okonkwo's outbursts, a tragedy befell him and those around him. I think that Achebe could have been trying to hint to the reader that placing too much emphasis on acting manly is bad. One example of Okonkwo's quick reflexes is seen when he kills Ikemefuna because he did not want his fellow clansmen to think that he was weak. After the Ikemefuna's slaying, Okonkwo is unable to eat or drink for two days due to the fact that he is upset over the death of Ikemefuna. However, he must fight against his manly pride, which reminds him that killing someone should not bother him. However, he has trouble accepting this, but must for fear of being considered weak, like a shivering old woman (Achebe 45). Another instance of Okonkwo's hot temper arises while he and some other men are locked up in a cell and Okonkwo reaffirms how he believes they should have killed Mr. Smith. A messenger overhears this remark and beats each of the men on their backs and heads with a large stick. A final illustration of Okonkwo's rash actions leading to suffering for himself and those around him occurs when he hastily kills the head messenger who comes to Umuofia to break up a town meeting. The m essenger is only able to speak 2 short sentences, before a furious Okonkwo assassinates him. This brings the ultimate suffering to Okonkwo, who hangs himself, as well as suffering for the rest of the tribe, who may not bury him and some of whom are brought to the court where Okonkwo and the others suffered earlier. In conclusion, Okonkwo's tragic flaw was his constantly flared temper, which was a result of a fear of being considered weak, or womanly. It was this temper that was constantly bringing problems to Okonkwo and others around him. In the end, Okonkwo could fight no more and had to take his own life. I believe that Achebe purposefully arranged the novel in this manner in order to convey that being manly is not as important as some believe it to be. English Essays

International Involvement Paper

International Involvement Paper Introduction During the first half of the 19th Century, America experienced no major involvement in international affairs. Most of the American expansion during this period was towards its bordering lands which were occupied and readily became part of the US. The last half of the 19th Century saw America’s expansion into possessions that were separate from the American continent. The United States was now joining a league of other countries, such as, France and Germany that were scrambling for the control of the underdeveloped world.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on International Involvement Paper specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Imperialist America The period between 1890 and 1905 saw the US become an aggressive imperialist state. America engaged herself in several international affairs including her involvement with Hawaii and Samoa islands, the war with Spain and controversies over Cuba, Puerto Rico and Philippine (Brinkley, 2007: 559). Fear of dwindling natural resources was among the factors that motivated international involvement. Other drivers included the American politicians’ aggressive push for a foreign policy to address the bloody labor disputes amongst other humanitarian courses and foreign trade. Hawaii and Samoa The involvement with Hawaii is among the earliest of the American international involvement. The island of Hawaii served as a very important way station for the ships belonging to America in its trade with china. America wanted to establish a permanent base for the Navy and Pearl Harbor on the island of Oahu. The number of Americans settled in Hawaii was also increasing and by late 1880s were dominating the Hawaiian economy and politics (Brinkley, 2007:442). These events were exerting pressure on the native Hawaiians who saw Americans as wrestling power from them. American penetration into this island state started as early as 1790 when the first Americ an set foot in Hawaii. Since then, many merchants, missionaries and planter settled in Hawaii and began devastating the society. In 1887, America opened a naval base at the Pearl Harbor. By 1890, most sugar plantations in Hawaii were owned by the Americans who depended on immigrant Asian workers. The rise of a powerful Hawaiian queen into the throne in 1890 who challenged American dominance resulted in the lifting of the privilege granted to Hawaiian sugar in international trade. This action by the US greatly hurt the economy of the Hawaii islands prompting American planters in Hawaii to conclude that the only option for them was to join the US. In 1898, Hawaii was fully adopted and became part of the US. During the period beginning in 1878, America was eyeing the island of Samoa with an aim of establishing a naval base at Pago Pago harbor. America successfully convinced Samoan administration to sign a treaty that granted US permission to establish a station at Pago Pago in exchange for the American arbitration of any difference that would arise between Samoa and any other nation.Advertising Looking for assessment on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Samoa also attracted other powers who were also interested in controlling her harbors. Great Britain and Germany too secured treaties that enabled them get privileges from Samoa. After a long intrigues between the three powers, Samoa was divided between the US and Germany with the US retaining Pago Pago harbor. The Spanish-American war The war between the US and Spain arose as a result of events happening in Cuba. Cuba was under the rule of Spain and since1868 fought in a bid to attain independence. Cubans again took arms in 1895 complaining of Spanish misrule. Both the Spanish and the Cubans side and the outcomes were devastating. Spain established concentration camps where civilians were confined and died in their thousands due to malnutri tion and diseases. This time round, the conflict received much attention from the press and shocked Americans sensibilities. Cuban immigrants flocked into the US and gave strong support to a party based in New York and also supported Cuba’s bid for independence. The rise to power of President McKinley in 1897 set the war into action (Brinkley, 2007:549). McKinley strongly protested the uncivilized and inhuman conduct of the Spaniards in Cuba. Fearing reprisal, the Spaniards agreed to modify conditions in the camps and to grant Cuba semi autonomy. However, a letter written by a Spanish minister and the blowing up of an American battleship in Havana harbor ignited hostility from America (Walter, 1963:425). Though at first McKinley was reluctant to go into war, there was push by others in his administration. A declaration for war was received in April 1898 leading into the ‘splendid little war’ as john Hay, the America secretary of state called it. The war started i n April and was over in august 1898 and gave the Americans the victory. The major reason for this fast success was because the Spanish were already weakened by the Cuban resistance. Immediately war over Cuba was over, the Americans the wrestled Puerto Rico and the Philippines from the Spanish rule. Conclusion 1890s was a very significant period in the American history as she plunged herself in international affairs. This era saw America acquire several overseas colonies. It was a period of the American imperialism that initially took the form of humanitarianism intervention. It is worth noting that the purpose of this international intervention was initially unclear. America became a new voice in international affairs and her decisions were listened to by other world powers.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on International Involvement Paper specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Reference List Brinkley, A. (2007). Ameri can History: A survey, 12th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. Walter, F. (1963). The New Empire: An Interpretation of American Expansion, 1860-1898. New York: Cornell University Press.

Hat do you think is the most important economic issue facing the Assignment

Hat do you think is the most important economic issue facing the United States today - Assignment Example aced in procuring jobs this summer, a widespread job loss is still being anticipated even in sectors that are showing promising growth such as manufacturing and construction. This has resulted in many people saving more of what they earn and spending less thus resulting in lesser growth rate. A good stimulus package from the government would help the people to get over the recession period. In addition, employment either on a part-time basis or temporary basis would also help the economy. Surveys have noted that people are opting for a lesser pay-package to boost their family’s income and to reduce debt rather than remaining unemployed. During the recovery phase a better salary package could be provided. The number of part-time workers has increased considerably over the pat two years as more people are opting for the same. More people are also opting for starting a business such as recruitment agencies which has an increased demand at present as more people are approaching su ch firms to help them secure a job. Thus it is vital for people to remain employed to help them during this time of recession. Meanwhile it is up to the government to spend wisely and release the stimulus packages to slow down the recession and boost the

Oral History Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Oral History - Research Paper Example I thought that the best way to explore this would be through learning about her experiences with culture shock when coming to the United States. To do this, I knew that I needed to get to know Soo Park’s reasons for coming to the United States. This would have an impact on the level of culture shock she experienced and how she dealt with it. Soo Park was born in a rural area of Korea. Today, we would call it South Korea, but Soo Park never used this term. She insisted that there is only one Korea and that soon there would be no rebel government in the North of the country anymore. Her family was well off. Her father had a shop that supplied everything from fertilizer to small tractors for local farmers. Soo Park recalls that she was luck to have such a good man for a father. He loved her and never made her feel unimportant. In those days, she explained, the rural Koreans placed all privileges upon their sons. Soo Park’s younger brother was chosen to take over the family business at a young age. She said that it was typical for girls to simply prepare for marriage. But she loved school and was a good scholar. Her father saw this and arranged for her to go live in Seoul at a private school that taught in English as well as Korean. There were American students that attended the school along with Korean students. The only problem with this plan was that problems were starting in Korea. Soo Park was twelve when she was to enroll in the school. This was 1958 and Korea was still an uncertain place as a result of the recent war. There were any American soldiers in and around Seoul and many of the rural Koreans did not trust the Americans. Soo Park remembers her father speaking favorably of the American soldiers he had met, but still expressed concerns about them being in Korea. She remembers him telling her that the Americans would be here in Korea for 100 years. Soo Park knew that her father was a wise man, but she had no idea that his words would be so true. In 1964, Soo Park finally could go to Seoul to finish her schooling. Her father had kept his word and felt confident that his daughter would be safe for one year in Seoul. She earned the equivalent of her High School diploma and tried to learn some English, but found it very difficult. Soo Park recalls being so good at everything in school ex cept English. She was actually a better math student than most of the boys, which made some of them furious. There was one male student, Henry Lee, which was even better than she at math. They became friends and fell in love. She knew that Henry was going to spend the next four years in the United State attending college on a scholarship. She wante3d to go with him badly, but knew she could not. The next four years of her life were difficult. She lived for letters from Henry. He studied in California, but she was not able to attend college. Her mother pressed her to find another boy to marry, but she refused. Her father was sad because she was sad. She spent her time helping in the family business and writing to Henry. Finally he graduated and sent a letter that informed her he was graduating, had become a United States citizen and was going to work for a statistics firm in northern Virginia. He invited her to come to live with him in America as his wife. Soo Park arrived in Washing ton D.C. in 1970. Her father and mother accompanied her. She spoke little English and was completely unfamiliar with American culture, save the bit she picked-up from her classmates during her last year at school. Soo Park’s mother was glad she was marrying a Korean boy, but was disappointed there would be no traditional wedding. Henry, who spoke perfect English now, said that a traditional weddin

Managing and Working in a Virtual team Case Study

Managing and Working in a Virtual team - Case Study Example gain and maintain the trust of his or her charges, they must understand that trust depends on reliability, in virtual relations because there is usually limited personal interaction between members of a team. This eliminates chances of meeting and evaluating an individual’s potential or level of reliability. The only means to achieve this is to make sure that, as a team leader, you show team members that you are a reliable person by delivering on your responsibilities in time and in a competent manner, which serves as an example to the rest of the team. This will demonstrate to the members the level of quality of work expected of them, and this makes the team members respect and trust their virtual team leader (Lepsinger & DeRosa, 2010). Team leaders should establish guidelines in communication, which account for the differences in time zones, cultural and geographical variations between members. They can also specify the type of medium to be used when communicating to help av oid incompatibility and confusion when a meeting is about to begin. When considering how to enhance communication efficiency in a virtual team, a leader can consider creating team agreements on how and when to communicate across different time zones, team leader visits to the different members which helps establish engagements and trust by meeting the team leader face to face. A leader in a globally diversified team should formalize roles and duties of each team member starting with their own because this is the only way to ensure that the members have a clearly defined direction, which removes ambiguity in the roles that each member plays (Lepsinger & DeRosa, 2010). Staff changes on a virtual team can happen at any stage in the execution of a project, and how fast and effectively a new member is recruited and integrated into the team determines the successful completion of the project (Lepsinger & DeRosa, 2010). Integrating a new member, in the team, requires that the individual be

Concept of liberalization:

Concept of liberalization: Introduction: The early 1990s was an era of intense changes in the Indian economic system. The torrent of international companies that we see today in India was born as a result of the economic transitions the country went through in 1991. It was the age of relaxation of a number of rules popularly known as â€Å"Liberalization†. With liberalization, there was an increase in competition and certain categories were facing competition for the first time. There could be no lackadaisical attitude on the part of the companies existing pre-liberalization as the whole economic system was overthrown to willingly accommodate more players. Liberalization had far reaching impacts. One are which it impacted significantly was the arena of advertising. Organizations couldnt take their customers for granted as there were other organizations waiting to eat into their market share. Advertisements hence became a more incisive tool for organizations to make their presence felt and appeal to their target audie nce. It is this change in the pattern of advertising that this thesis wishes to track. Literature Review Exploring the Concept of Liberalization: â€Å"in July 1991 with the announcement of sweeping liberalization by the minority government of P.V. Narasimha Rao opened the economy dismantled import controls, lowered customs duties, and devalued the currency virtually abolished licensing controls on private investment, dropped tax rates, and broke public sector monopolies. We felt as though our second independence had arrived: we were going to be free from a rapacious and domineering state† Das (2000), on the reforms that originated with the July 1991 package announced by Manmohan Singh (Panagariya, 2004). To ‘Liberalize means remove or loosen restrictions on (something typically an economic or political system).   Generally, Liberalization (Liberalisation) refers to removal or relaxation of restrictions imposed by the previous government usually in areas of economic or social policy.   In the area of social policy, liberalization refers to the relaxation of laws for example, laws on homosexuality, drugs, abortion, divorce etc.   In the area of economic policy, liberalization can either be privatized or be liberalized.   Like, India has liberalized various markets, instituting a system of competition, but still some of the departments like Gas and Energy remain partially or completely in government ownership. The economic liberalization in India refers to the current reforms in India.   The Indian economy was liberalized in 1991.   That marked the end of â€Å"License Raj†.   License Raj, also known as Permit Raj, was the brainchild of Jawaharlal Nehru, Indias first Prime Minister.   It was the result of Nehrus decision to have a planned economy in India where all the aspects of economy are controlled by the government (state).   License Raj refers to the elaborate licenses and regulations and the accompanying ‘red tape, which was required to set up and run businesses in India between 1947 and 1990.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the late 80s, the government led by Rajiv Gandhi eased restrictions; removed price controls and reduced corporate taxes. This did increase the rate of growth, but it in turn led to high fiscal deficits and a worsening current account. Soviet Union, Indias major trading partner collapsed at the same time and the first Gulf War, which caused a spike in oil prices, caused a major balance-of-payments crisis for India. The Gulf war also led to a reduction in repatriation from expatriate workers (an important source of foreign exchange at that time).   India asked for a $1.8 billion bailout loan from IMF, which in return demanded reforms.   In response to this, Prime Minister Narasimha Rao and the finance minister Manmohan Singh initiated the economic liberalization of 1991. The reforms did away with the License Raj and ended many public monopolies, allowing automatic approval of foreign direct investment in many sectors. On licensing, the new policy explicitly stated, â€Å"industrial licensing will henceforth be abolished for all industries, except those specified, irrespective of levels of investment.† (Sivadasan, 2007) Liberalization is about Encouraging growth of private sector Simplification of policy, regulation, tax structure Facilitating Foreign Direct Investment Restructuring public sector for efficiencies Providing incentives for exports and allowing more imports Put emphasis on modernization of plants and equipment through liberalized imports of capital goods and technology (Sivadasan, 2007) Expose the Indian industry to competition by gradually reducing the import restrictions and tariffs Moving away from protection of small scale industries Realization that economies of scale is necessary for economic growth (Singh Shankar, 2008) Life before 1991 Various rules were imposed on foreign companies operating in India, under the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act (1973).   Foreign ownership rates were restricted to below 40% in most industries. In addition, restrictions were placed on the use of foreign brand names, on remittances of dividends abroad and on the proportion of local content in output (under the Phased Manufacturing Program).  Ã‚   (Sivadasan, 2007) Very limited brands available on the supermarket shelves Upto 97% taxes on private players High-level corruption.   Frustrated Entrepreneurs State monopoly in many key sectors including TV broadcast.   Hence, the monopoly of Doordarshan. [Television and public policy: change and continuity in an era of global liberalization, David Ward, 2009] Legendary battle between the two textile magnates Dhirubhai Ambani and Nusli Wadia in the latter part of 1986.   The battle between these 2 corporate rivals Dhirubhai Ambani, Chairman Reliance Industries Ltd., is not the first in the history but the weapons such as the Press employed by them on the large scale is certainly without a parallel. This shattered the concept of objective journalism in a business controlled press (Aggarwal, 1989) Movies of that era young man rebelling against the ‘system a reflection of common mans angst against a state-run, corrupt, bureaucratic machinery which slowed down the progress of India rather than facilitating it. Life after 1991 Foreign direct investors were now allowed up to 51% equity stakes in certain industries, under the â€Å"automatic approval route. Further, restrictions relating to use of foreign brands, remittances of dividend and local content were relaxed. Following these reforms, there was a significant increase in amount of foreign direct investment into India(Sivadasan, 2007) Media Explosion Introduction of Cable TVs.   Since most of the Doordarshans programming was seen to be unimaginative and dull, large audiences switched to satellite television channels made available through cable. Influx of western ideas and lifestyle Conspicuous consumption Entry of foreign players and hence multiple players in each category.   Great increase in competition and hence, customer at the advantage Increase in challenges of Media Planning and Brand Building due to the widespread channels Emergence of TVR, GRPs, TAM ratings etc  · Much more buoyant and optimistic state of mind was reflected in Bollywood.   Hence, all soft, mushy, romantic blockbusters like ‘Hum Aapke Hai Kaun,Dilwale Dulhaniya Le Jaayenge,Kuch Kuch Hota Hai (Joshi, 2001) Defining Advertising: Advertising is so familiar to modern readers that it may seem odd to ask what an advertisement is.   Although advertising is all around us perhaps because it is all around us we dont often pause to think about its nature as a form of discourse, as a system of language use. There are multiple definitions of advertising like ‘Advertising is simply one of many available channels of communication and ‘Advertisements are the messages that advertising carries, in an attempt to achieve those ends. Advertising is a form of communication used to influence individuals to purchase products or services or ideas Advertising is a non-personal form of promotion that is delivered through selected media outlets that, under most circumstances, require the marketer to pay for message placement Any paid-for communication, intended to inform and/or influence one or more people is Advertising Of few of the above mentioned definitions, I could best relate advertising being ‘any paid-for communication, intended to inform and/or influence one or more people Paid-for Any advertisement that is not paid for is not an advertisement Communication Every advertisement is attempting to bridge a gap between a sender and one or more potential receivers.   That bridge is a form of communication. Intended Not all advertisements ‘work, in the sense of achieving their desired objectives, but they are nonetheless part of advertising. Inform and/or influence The purely informative advertisement may be rare and the distinction between information and persuasion may be difficult to draw, but an advertisement does not have to set out to influence either attitude or behavior in order to qualify (Bullmore, 2003) History of Advertising Worlds first ever advertisements appeared some 3000 years B.C. as ‘stencilled inscriptions on bricks made by the Babylonians. History tells us that out-of-home advertising and Billboards are the oldest form of advertising.   Printed advertising began to make itsappearance for ‘Royal announcements in early Europe: China, Turkey, England (1100 -1711). Moving on to American advertising in 1729 1850; several changes occurred interms of medium, message, manner of presentation. These changes are nothing but areflection of the social, economical and technological changes over time. Changing times and society called up for changes in the way advertising was planned. There has been one or the other peculiar aspect of advertising strategy, which kept it growing in volumes of success and importance. In 1870 the first ‘Brand advertisement for St. Jacobs Oil appeared and this phenomenon continued till early 80s. Further ‘slogans and trade characters took over the job. Then there came a time to appeal; variety of creative appeals (humor, sex, fear, love, affection etc.) made the further way up for advertising (Pincas Loiseau, 2008) Medium of Advertising Medium is nothing but a channel that carries the Advertisers message.   There are six major categories of advertising media 1. Print Media refers to any published, printed medium such as Newspapers and magazines. a. Newspapers are one of the traditional mediums used by all types of businesses to promote their product or service or idea. Advantages Huge reach in a given geographic area Flexibility in deciding the size and the placement of the ad Exposure to the ad is not limited.   People can go back to see the ad Quick turn around.   The ad if decided to run today can be in the hands of the customers in a day or two Disadvantages: Expensive ad space Lot of competition Poor photo production Highly visible medium, and hence the competitors can quickly react to your prices Newspapers facing stiff competitions from internet b. Magazines more focused, expensive compared to newspapers Advantages: Better targeting of audience Higher reader involvement and hence more attention paid to the advertisement Better color reproduction Disadvantages: Long lead time Limited flexibility in terms of ad placement and format Higher costs compared to newspapers 2. Electronic Media consists of radio and television a. Radio is a universal medium enjoyed at one time or another during the day. Advantages: Negotiable rates Less inflation in radio media compared to other media Disadvantages: Listener cannot go back to the ads for the important points Ads, an interruption in the entertainment Radio is a background medium.   Most listeners are doing something else while listening b. Television permits you to reach large number of people Advantages: Television permits you to reach large numbers of people on a national or regional level in a short period of time New opportunities to pinpoint local audiences Television being an image-building and visual medium, it offers the ability to convey your message with sight, sound and motion Disadvantages: Lot of competition.   Requires multiple exposure for the ad to get noticed Preferred ad times are often sold out far in advance Relatively expensive in terms of creative, production and airtime costs Limited length of exposure, as most ads are only thirty seconds long or less, which limits the amount of information you can communicate 3. Out-of-home media is focused on marketing to consumers when they are on the go in public places, in transit, waiting (such as in a medical office), and/or in specific commercial locations. a. Out door advertising: is essentially used for any type of advertising that reaches the consumer while he or she is outside the home. Advantages: Specific Target Audience Good for branding and positioning Creates greater consumer awareness Disadvantages: Less effective in tactical and short term campaigns b. Transit Advertising: Transit advertising is typically advertising placed on anything, which moves, such as buses, subway advertising, truckside, and taxis, but also includes fixed static and electronic advertising at train and bus stations and platforms. Airport advertising, which helps businesses address an audience while traveling, is also included in this category. Advantages: Good for all ranges of a businesses advertising budget You get what you pay for A target audience is exposed to a single advertisement for a long period of time It picks up the speed due to frequency Timeliness Geographical selectivity Disadvantages: People on transit may not even notice such advertisements, simply because they became used to transit advertising Many of those people may not be interested in you and your product at all; hence, transit ads are not easy to target despite the high level of reach * Design limitations 4. Internet Advertising is a form of promotion that uses Internet and World Wide Web for communicating with the customers. Advantages: Rapidly growing industry Affluent market Selective Targeting Interactive medium Immediate Response In-depth information Disadvantages: Security and Privacy Slow downloads Global marketing limits Untested medium 5. Direct Mailers is a marketing technique in which the seller sends marketing messages directly to the buyer. Direct mail include catalogs or other product literature with ordering opportunities; sales letters; and sales letters with brochures Advantages: Personalized marketing message Effectiveness of the response can be easily measured Control Ad campaign is hidden from the competitors Active involvement- the act of opening the mail and reading it Disadvantages: Selectivity problem Long lead times are required for creative printing and mailing Can be expensive, depending on the target market and size of the campaign Monitoring Advertising Dealing with advertising is still one of the hardest tasks facing marketing people.   It remains notoriously difficult to demonstrate this return, to show clearly that advertising is paying its way.   It is also difficult to understand how advertising works, how consumers respond to it.   How do we choose the best way of developing our advertising, testing it, checking it out, ensuring that it meets the objectives we have set for it let alone evaluating how far it has done so, and how we should improve it? (McDonald, 1998) Research Problem To analyze the change in content and pattern with regard to the nature of print advertisements in the pre-liberalization and post-liberalization era Research Objectives To understand liberalization and the changes resulting as a result of this measure To understand the implications of liberalization on advertising from a regulations perspective To trace the change in the nature of advertisements before and after liberalization Research Methodology The research will be qualitative in nature.   And the method which will be used will be content analysis. An analysis of the advertisements of top five brands in the soaps and chocolates category will be carried out, bathing Soaps, coming in daily usage category and chocolates in occasional usage category. Here print advertisements of the top five brands pre and post liberalization will be taken and a content analysis will be done on them. This will be used to track changes in pattern and using these two categories the results will be extrapolated for the FMCG category as such.

East-Asian Crisis Essay

Has state played a leading role in upgrading technologies in Asia Pacific? Answer with reference to relevant theories and use comparative country or corporate examples. Introduction: The state is a lever that navigates economic process. It is managed by the country government which consists of all educational, socio-cultural, economical and geographical factors. The national innovation systems in Asia have a great significance in the process of technology adjustment (the national institutions, their incentive structures and their competencies, that determine the rate and direction of technological learning (or the volume and composition of change generating activities) in a country.† (Patel and Pavitt (1994: 79)) (4) It sustains governmental institutions and forms economic conditions and opportunities. It influences a market by all restrictions and policies which navigate all import and export activities. The Asia Pacific region includes one of the most economically developed c ountries in the world. According to academic articles(8) developmental states as South Korea, Japan and Taiwan quickened their industrialisation in order to synchronise their economies with globalisation growth. From a historical perspective South Asia went through enormous industrial and state transformation after 2nd World War till the beginning of 21st century. An effective industrialisation process created the need of upgrading technologies and expanding business relations so to sustain the Asian competitive advantage and stabilise its economy. Furthermore a governmental institutional reform appeared to be essential element of the whole adjustment stage. The â€Å"tiger†(9) economies of Hong Kong and Singapore (plus these of South Korea and Taiwan) impressively adapted to balanced level of navigating their market and a â€Å"miracle† GDP growth followed. Examining the transformation processes in these economies creates an objective view of how the state influenced changes in technologies and why it has such a significant part in the East-Asian success. Body: The developmental states Japan: The process of industrialisation is a key developmental factor. It emerged in the beginning of the 20th century by the development of four machine industries: the rolling stock, spinning and weaving machines, machine tools and electric machinery(5)Between all of them the government held strongest influence on the rolling stock-a sub railway system which is an official representative of the system, having trade responsibility and negotiates with suppliers(6).The JNR(Japanese National Railway) policy changed after the 1950s and the private sector started managing its policies with governmental assistance. The rolling stock trading process established the Japanese co-operation with West-European suppliers. Essential approaches like government’s guidance in applying industrial policy, adjustment in labour-management relations, tolerating entrepreneurial firms seen as innovators instead of the zaibatsu-structured equivalents, were taken (3).The mentioned events , concerning Japanese technology adjusting, show the strong relation between state policies and technology level . The state itself is the agent which drives all innovations by the power of its policies and regulations. It played a main role in the factory legislation. Women workers needed protection and they could only receive it by governmental intervention. A report by AAB(Agricultural Affairs Bureau) in 1900 confirmed the negative affect of night shifts onto labour efficiency and technical progress. By taking in consideration this example the state role can be considered as more than crucial. It maintains the economy growth by securing its population conditions (human rights; socio-cultural perspective).In this way it sustains the workforce of the country, which is a main element of stabilising competitive advantage. Despite the fact that most economic articles stress on the â€Å"Japanese Miracle†(1) as a significant period of technology updating and state-system adjustment, the pioneers in technology investment appeared in the Meiji period. These businessmen founded a significant process which contributed to the rapid economic growth after World War II. Japanese role in the Electro-chemical industry has massively influenced the power of Japanese Army. Scientifically educated employees contributed for a better business analysis and strategies. A continuous growth is achieved when a government is concerned both for its trading power and socio-educational system. If both elements are properly maintained a country is able to sustain its competitive status worldwide as its observed in the Japanese case of Toyota-one of the most successful car manufacturer’s. â€Å"The key to the Toyota Way and what makes Toyota stand out is not any of the individual elements†¦. But what is important is having all the elements together as a system. It must be practiced every day in a very consistent manner—not in spurts†(11) Toyota is a great example of brilliant cooperation between increasing labour efficiency and a djusting technology system. Toyota took some fruitful approaches from the Western European managerial model and kept its unique values from the Japanese culture. It is observed that the more an Asian industry is independent from the state the better it adapts to the global business environment. State policies founded initial basis of the most important Asian features that should be taken and not changed in the business-cycle of a company. Toyota managed to follow the roots of the Japanese â€Å"know how† and at the same time keeps attracting professionals from all over the world in order to sustain its competitive advantage. Furthermore as a modern massive share-holder in different sectors it transformed into customer-oriented company targeting more market segments and reassuring to keep the demand of current customers. This is just one of the many great Japanese examples of sustaining a global market share. It can be stated that the more globalisation expands the higher is the need of rapid adaptation m ethods. Strongly centralised firms should transfer into more de-centralised strategic schemes if they want to achieve bigger success on a international level. Korea: From historical perspective Korea was controversially affected by both US (United States-South Korea) and the USSR(Union of Souviet Socialist Rebubplics-North Korea)During the Rhy government period(7) Korea focused on two massive industrial sectors: consumer goods and construction. After the Korean War (1950-1953) they become leading suppliers in these niches. Collaboration between the’’chaebols’’-â€Å"a group of companies, owed by a specific family, has centralised control and business in different industries that are not directly interrelated†((10)Korean Managerial Dynamics p.29) and the state can be considered as a main reason for the rapid industrialisation in the 1960s.The earlier establishment of cartels( Flour Mill, Sugar and Spinning Manufacturers)and corrupted Japanese and American support contributed to the chaebol growth. Hyundai is the major Korean constructor, which used to sustain and still does the Korean economy. Between 1940s and 1970s the ‘’chaebol’’ transformed into a large-multidivisional private system which expanded its business sectors. In this way the new system created economies of scale under a centralised management strategy. The renovated state policies enhanced the labour force and implemented the export industrialisation strategy. In order to (2)The chaebol business structure created highly-controlled production in the 1970s by hiring managers which took the role of supervisors. In the 1980s the government prioritised the need of higher workforce independence. The state shaped the legal frame of Korea, while supporting the chaebol economic and interest policies.((2);p.3)After the KCTU(Korean Confederation of Trade Unions) was established a significant decrease in the chaebol monopolism was noticed. In 1974 a â€Å"concentration of economic power† emerged as a negative issue.(Korean Managerial Dynamics; Chung, Khae and Lee, Hak Chong p.16) The Ko rean bank was forced to take action due to its monopolistic strength: all private businesses provided information to the open capital market. All monopolistic and cartel structures were constricted from entering new markets. Expectedly or not the existing cartels sustained their barriers of entry. Despite the fact Korea was stimulating domestic manufacturing there was a lack of physical technology ability and it has no choice but looking for external â€Å"packaged technology†(Korean Business: Internal and External factors) –component parts, specialised details, product specifications, quality control and professional assistance. In 1980 this resulted in high-inflation rates. Four recovering movements were taken: better managing of market mechanisms and stabilising price levels (led to export of domestically manufactured technologies); transforming domestic monopolism to a free-competitive foreign markets (increasing of social welfare); encouraging foundation of small-medium businesses. It can be concluded that all state reforms derived from either political external or internal problems. The complicated internal reforms caused to a non-balanced upgrading processes. Korea needed a quick re-navigation and focus on catching up with Western Europe rivals. Good examples of chaebol companies are Samsung and Hyundai. Samsung (founded in 1938 (12))business group is the largest one in terms of annual sales-21 billion dollars in 1987 with 160,000 workers in 42 companies (10 p.29) It entered the insurance, security and enterprise sectors. Nowadays it possesses a major shares in electronics, chemical, construction, manufacturing, land development, service and technology markets. By a constant governmental navigation and assistance this great example of East-Asian conglomerate diversified its supply. While the state takes responsibility of providing well-educated and strong workforce the company itself is concerned of the trading process and constant technology upgrading. â€Å"When Samsung has difficulties in transferring technology, it relied on several different strategic avenues: seeking alternative sources of technology, buying it from financially troubled, small American firms; developing its own technology; or entering a consortium with other local competitors to develop technology†((15)â€Å"Korean Business: Internal and External Industrialisation†) By analysing this strategic approach an excellent decision-making skills are observed. The alternative of â€Å"buying† from American small firms shows that the Korean leader constantly generates cash flow in order to afford such activities in a critical moment. Even â€Å"consortium† schemes were made which shows the great adaptation to the market condition and to all supplying competitors. By competing in different markets and upgrading its business structure Samsung enhances Korean economic stability and competitiveness on international level. A leading competitive ad vantage of Samsung is the brilliant combination of price and quality. The possession of well-educated managers and continuously upgraded technology provides a great reputation of top gadget- producer. Taiwan: The favourable geographic location of the country between the Far-East and Southeast Asia made it a desirable trading place between Western Europe and Asia. Different rivals colonised it as well. Taiwan started its technological developmental in a later stage comparing to its bigger neighbours Japan and Korea. After the 1990s Taiwan became one of the leading ICT(Information and technology communications)suppliers(16)Its well-maintained Research and Development sector and patented technology are fair reasons of the current success. Chinese neoliberalism: A slower economic growth in China is observed comparing to the Japanese and Korean one. A high negative influence of the conserved socio-cultural environment is a main reason. The CFB(Chinese Family Business) internal managerial system has a closed-family ideology. There was a conflict between Chinese conservatism and Chinese world-economy adaptation. Its governmentally centralised system suffered lack of managerial professionalism. This introvert attitude of CFB to business created an obstacle for further technologic improvement because establishing new operational system needs well-educated navigators familiarised with the technology. Furthermore loosing the market trading processes of import and export was irreversible. Modernisation schemes were taken: increase of international trades and foundation of FDI(Foreign Direct Investment- investing in country A, by taking advantage of its geographical and labour conditions and controlling from country B which owns all assets and benefit the bigger prt of the incentive) , which was quite beneficial strategy both for China and Japan. It was necessary to minimise the cultural interference and radically involve western techniques. By focusing onto micro-level variables as behaviour China kept losing its macro level of structural and technological competitiveness. The strong communism affected negatively on both industrialisation and technology adjustment. Recent technology-transfer Laws in the Asia Pacific: Setting up Transfer Laws has essential role in the whole Asia-Pacific trade legitimacy. They also determine the significance of technologies and how they are used in a more effective way. In China a warmer attitude to foreign companies is observed. Its entry into the WTO(World Trade Organisation) encouraged cross-continental transfers. In 1999 China accepted the UCL(Unified Contract Law) which gave more freedom by license agreement which can be signed between partners and fasten all transfers. In 2003 The Ministry of Commerce was founded as well as new three-type technology categorisation: prohibited, restricted or permitted. The foundation of such institutions was a necessity in order to exclude all wasting money and time processes, which is both beneficial for suppliers and buyers. The determinant of accepting import transfer is whether it will enhance China’s technological improvement. Furthermore it should not be an environmental and security constraint. Equivalent technology licences(legal and contractual) were formed in Japan. In April 2004 the National University Corporation Law was accepted, providing bigger educational independence which enhances the social welfare and gives more opportunities to young individuals specialise their skills into different sectors. Historically observed, South-Korea always had strictly controlled technology-licensing system in order to preserve newly-founded firms from their out-boundaries rivals and ensures continuous development. Co-operation between education and management led the Asian Pacific to a top place in the technology world. The laws approved in the end of 20th century were turned into a new transfer law in the 21st century. The FIPA(Foreign Investment Promotion Act) is in charge of all foreign investment s. It is an autonomous institution which has the power to simplify and navigate all import activities for the sake of higher country incentive. Its strategy is to attract investment and sustain competitive international advantage. The Monopoly Regulation and FTA(Fair Trade act )(Hill,2006)(19) Conclusion: While the Asia Pacific was struggling to escape out of its cultural constraints and its isolated business system during the first half of the 20th century, it appeared that it adapted rapidly through the second half of the century. It went under serious governmental and structural transforms. It seems that the Asian recovery period after the Second World War was far away more intensive and successful comparing to some European countries. From 1990 to 1997 Asia generated over one-third of the global value-added production by high-technology production industries, higher to the the European and US shares.(13) Investments in the Research and Development sector are significant for successf ul technology adjustment. The establishment of new universities and modifying their educational systems provide scientists and intelligent individuals who can operate and cope with the technology process. The importance of conserving culture-oriented models is of the same sensuality as expanding growth on international level. The Asian ambition of establishing leadership in important world industries contributed to its success. Although there were huge periods of struggling adapting new managerial work-plans the â€Å"tiger economies† managed to survive during tough war and reform periods. Even not really friendly-orientated of cooperating between each other Asian economy survived because of the common adaptation strength and control of markets. The connection between the state and business was not simply one of interference or direction by the state of the market. â€Å"It was rather a positive partnership involving many connections between entities† (Johnson,1997)A geographical advantage of more isolated location in the world enhanced the Asian state independence and its technology orientation. Obviously the bigger sized Asian economies like China and Japan overtook cultural and religion influence.They started their recovering processes more rapidly comparing to the late-comer economies of Korea, Taiwan and Malaysia.(Warner,2007) Bibliography: 1. Maidement, R., Mackerras C., (1998) Culture and Society In The Asia-Pacific, United Kingdom: Routledge 2. Rowley, C., Bae, J., (1998) Korean Business Internal and External Industrialization, Chippenham: Antony Rowe Ltd. 3. Yui, T., Nakagawa, (1989) Japanese Management in Historical Perspective, Japan: University of Tokyo Press 4. Kwon, S., O’Donnell, M., (2001) The Chaebol and Labour in Korea The development of managmenet strategy in Hyundai, Oxon: Routledge 5. Rowley, C., Warner, M., (2009) Management in South-East Asia Business Culture, Enterprises and Human Resources, Oxfordshire: Routledge 6. Chung, K., Lee H., (1989) Korean Managerial Dynamics, New York: Praeger 7. The Japanese Miracle, http://www.japanese123.com/japanesemiracle.htm Date accessed 2/12/2012 8. Borisova, N., (2011) The market, the state, and the culture in economic development in Asia, http://nataliaborisova.hubpages.com/hub/market-state-culture-asia Date accessed 2/12/2012 9. (2004)Four The Rise of the Regions: Fiscal Reform and the Decline of Central State Capacity i n China 10. http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft5g50071k&chunk.id=d0e3492&toc.depth=100&brand=ucpress Date accessed 2/12/2012 11. Wu Y., (2004) The China Quarty, Volume 177, pp 91-114 12. Samsung History, http://www.samsung-mobiles.net/history-of-samsung.html Date accessed 3/12/2012 13. Taiwan’s Technology Industry Marks Global Success http://www.forbescustom.com/DiversityPgs/UnityFirst/3_4_09/UFNAACPTaiwanTechP1.html Date accessed 4/12/2012 http://www.pom.ir/wp-content/uploads/PDF/book/The%20Toyota%20Way.pdf 14. http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/nsf07319/pdf/nsf07319.pdf 15. http://www.jrtr.net/jrtr41/pdf/f14_miz.pdf 16. http://www.economist.com/node/13649520 17. 10) 18. Hill, D., 2006, â€Å"Developments in Asia†,The Licensing Journal