The great chain of being Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The great chain of being - Term Paper Example The hierarchical links defined all the aspects of the community including religion, politics and social scopes. Although there was great resistance to change and the kings fought against distortion the great chain, change was encroaching into this kingdom. The government developed policies that allowed distortion of these systems leading to change in the political, social and religious structures. By the end of the 18th century, it is clear that the change had taken place and the great chain was considerably broken. In this light, the various efforts dedicated to maintain balance failed, paving way for new government structures. In the Tudor dynasty, the great chain of being was a universal hierarchy that was both independent and interdependent. The top of the chain was God, who the people believe to have the greatest power over them and worshipped Him. The spirits and Angels followed in this hierarchy. Among human beings, there were divisions between various categories of people. They were categorized as gentlemen, the citizens and Burgesses, the Yeomen, and the laborers in the order of decreasing power (Bucholz and Key 4-5). As you trespass down the chain, the level of power reduced and the people become more subject to others. This hierarchy also defined the way they passed over power from one generation to the next. For instance, King left their power to their successors while Knights were appointees. The belief that prevailed is that this order was universal and there was no way that it would change. The kings maintained a centralized government structure by vesting all the power on the governance. A c hange of this structure was tantamount to sin and it would lead to imbalance of the hierarchy. With this kind of belief, the system remained fixed and the kings had the responsibility to defend this order and maintain the balance of the chain. The Kings fought against any changes in the formal government

Mobile phone and Landline phone Essay Example for Free

Mobile phone and Landline phone Essay Phones are important because we rely on them to communicate with other people. Despite the cell phone cannot give you a clear, crystal clear connection as a landline phone. Landline phone is a device which we connect to the output of our homes and businesses. On the other hand, cell phones and mobile have the capacity and advanced technology. While they both perform the same basic function, there are significant differences between landline and mobile phones. There are many differences between landline and mobile phones. Convinces of having a cell phone is that you can have it on hand where ever you go. As for a landline you cannot take it with you. Cell phone have a GPS technology that can find your exact location or where you trying to go. Cell phone also can give you the chance to take live pictures or video camera whereas landline cannot. Cell phone has great features such as watch TV, MP3 players, can store all our contact information, keep track of our appointments, and important dates. The most important advantage of landlines for cell phones that 9-1-1 operators can better determine your location in an emergency. When you call 9-1-1 from a landline phone, the operator can find the exact address where the call originated. When you call 9-1-1 from a cell phone, on the other hand, the operator only receives information about your approximate latitude and longitude, which can be from 50 to 300 yards. If you are in an emergency and cannot speak to give 9-1-1 operator your location, have stationary can save your life. The similarity of landline and cell phone is the fact that they are both used for communication. One quality of the technology they are good for emergencies, for example, if you just need to call a friend or family, as the technology can do this. Both are good and reliable person depends on your needs. In conclusion, we know that cell phones are more comfortable and fashionable than landline. Phones have improved over the year; we have gone from the house phone to cell phones. Cell phones and home phones are similar in a couple of ways, but very different in many ways. Nowadays we see people on the streets with their cell phones, as many people know that its easier and cheaper

Essay --

According to sufferer, Stephanie, â€Å"If I got to number 17 on the math test, I would have to tap my pencil 17 times† (Weiskopf 19). Stephanie exhibits signs of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a disorder in which the individual becomes obsessed or compulsive about something. Because of their extreme focus events and tasks, OCD will affect how children and teenagers perform in school. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder can also cause various problems in their daily lives. Due to severe obsessions and compulsions, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder is a serious, yet unexamined, threat to teenagers at school and home, which can lead to further complications, but it can be treated. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder is provoked not only by environmental factors, but also by genetic components. OCD can be traced through family history, but there is not a direct factor that is shown to be passed on. If a family member is diagnosed with OCD, there becomes an increased risk for other immediate relatives of inheriting the condition. According to OCD Education Station, â€Å"genetics contributes approximately 45-65% of risk for developing the disorder,† but â€Å"other factors such as the environment also play a vital role† (â€Å"Facts†). Sometimes there can be a sudden outbreak of the disorder rather than a genetic component. When there is a sudden occurrence of OCD, the provocation of the disorder can be linked to strep throat or a mental, physical, or behavioral change of the individual. Not only can OCD be linked to genetic components or a sudden onset, but Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder can also be produced by environmental factors. Behavioral, mental, and environmental factors such as stress, a death of someone close, or the fe... ...ssive-Compulsive Disorder is a treatable, but severe, danger to teenagers because of the extreme compulsions and obsessions. This disorder is provoked by multiple factors related to both the environment and genetics. OCD consists of common signs and symptoms present in sufferers with extreme recurring obsessions and compulsions. There are four different types of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder including checking, contamination, hoarding, and ruminations. OCD is a disorder with symptoms that can be lessened by therapy, interventions, and medications. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder is treatable, but other disorders can also occur and exist because of the presence of OCD. Although the symptoms and presence of OCD can be reduced, the anxiety and emotions that are related to OCD will stay will the sufferer for their life through other disorders or regular, everyday events.

Cengel Solutions

Chapter 4 Fluid Kinematics Solutions Manual for Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications by Cengel & Cimbala CHAPTER 4 FLUID KINEMATICS PROPRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIAL This Manual is the proprietary property of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (â€Å"McGraw-Hill†) and protected by copyright and other state and federal laws.By opening and using this Manual the user agrees to the following restrictions, and if the recipient does not agree to these restrictions, the Manual should be promptly returned unopened to McGraw-Hill: This Manual is being provided only to authorized professors and instructors for use in preparing for the classes using the affiliated textbook. No other use or distribution of this Manual is permitted. This Manual may not be sold and may not be distributed to or used by any student or other third party.No part of this Manual may be reproduced, displayed or distributed in any form or by any means, electronic or otherwise, without the prior written permission of McGraw-Hill. 4-1 PROPRIETARY MATERIAL.  © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission. Chapter 4 Fluid Kinematics Introductory Problems 4-1C Solution We are to define and explain kinematics and fluid kinematics. Analysis Kinematics means the study of motion.Fluid kinematics is the study of how fluids flow and how to describe fluid motion. Fluid kinematics deals with describing the motion of fluids without considering (or even understanding) the forces and moments that cause the motion. Discussion Fluid kinematics deals with such things as describing how a fluid particle translates, distorts, and rotates, and how to visualize flow fields. 4-2 Solution We are to write an equation for centerline speed through a nozzle, given that the flow speed increases parabolically. Assumptions 1 The flow is steady. 2 The flow is axisymmetri c. The water is incompressible. Analysis A general equation for a parabola in the x direction is u = a + b ( x ? c) General parabolic equation: 2 (1) We have two boundary conditions, namely at x = 0, u = uentrance and at x = L, u = uexit. By inspection, Eq. 1 is satisfied by setting c = 0, a = uentrance and b = (uexit – uentrance)/L2. Thus, Eq. 1 becomes u = uentrance + Parabolic speed: ( uexit ? uentrance ) L2 x2 (2) Discussion You can verify Eq. 2 by plugging in x = 0 and x = L. 4-3 Solution location. For a given velocity field we are to find out if there is a stagnation point.If so, we are to calculate its Assumptions 1 The flow is steady. 2 The flow is two-dimensional in the x-y plane. Analysis The velocity field is V = ( u , v ) = ( 0. 5 + 1. 2 x ) i + ( ? 2. 0 ? 1. 2 y ) j (1) At a stagnation point, both u and v must equal zero. At any point (x,y) in the flow field, the velocity components u and v are obtained from Eq. 1, Velocity components: u = 0. 5 + 1. 2 x v = ? 2. 0 ? 1. 2 y (2) x = ? 0. 4167 y = ? 1. 667 (3) Setting these to zero yields Stagnation point: 0 = 0. 5 + 1. 2 x 0 = ? 2. 0 ? 1. 2 y So, yes there is a stagnation point; its location is x = -0. 17, y = -1. 67 (to 3 digits). Discussion If the flow were three-dimensional, we would have to set w = 0 as well to determine the location of the stagnation point. In some flow fields there is more than one stagnation point. 4-2 PROPRIETARY MATERIAL.  © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission. Chapter 4 Fluid Kinematics 4-4 Solution location. For a given velocity field we are to find out if there is a stagnation point.If so, we are to calculate its Assumptions 1 The flow is steady. 2 The flow is two-dimensional in the x-y plane. Analysis The velocity field is ( )( ) V = ( u, v ) = a 2 ? ( b ? cx ) i + ? 2cby + 2c 2 xy j 2 (1) At a stagna tion point, both u and v must equal zero. At any point (x,y) in the flow field, the velocity components u and v are obtained from Eq. 1, Velocity components: u = a 2 ? ( b ? cx ) 2 v = ? 2cby + 2c 2 xy (2) b? a c y=0 (3) Setting these to zero and solving simultaneously yields Stagnation point: 0 = a 2 ? ( b ? cx ) 2 x= v = ? 2cby + 2c xy So, yes there is a stagnation point; its location is x = (b – a)/c, y = 0. Discussion If the flow were three-dimensional, we would have to set w = 0 as well to determine the location of the stagnation point. In some flow fields there is more than one stagnation point. Lagrangian and Eulerian Descriptions 4-5C Solution We are to define the Lagrangian description of fluid motion. Analysis In the Lagrangian description of fluid motion, individual fluid particles (fluid elements composed of a fixed, identifiable mass of fluid) are followed. DiscussionThe Lagrangian method of studying fluid motion is similar to that of studying billiard balls and other solid objects in physics. 4-6C Solution We are to compare the Lagrangian method to the study of systems and control volumes and determine to which of these it is most similar. Analysis The Lagrangian method is more similar to system analysis (i. e. , closed system analysis). In both cases, we follow a mass of fixed identity as it moves in a flow. In a control volume analysis, on the other hand, mass moves into and out of the control volume, and we don’t follow any particular chunk of fluid.Instead we analyze whatever fluid happens to be inside the control volume at the time. Discussion to a point. In fact, the Lagrangian analysis is the same as a system analysis in the limit as the size of the system shrinks 4-3 PROPRIETARY MATERIAL.  © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission. Chapter 4 Fluid Kinematics 4-7C Sol ution description. We are to define the Eulerian description of fluid motion, and explain how it differs from the LagrangianAnalysis In the Eulerian description of fluid motion, we are concerned with field variables, such as velocity, pressure, temperature, etc. , as functions of space and time within a flow domain or control volume. In contrast to the Lagrangian method, fluid flows into and out of the Eulerian flow domain, and we do not keep track of the motion of particular identifiable fluid particles. Discussion The Eulerian method of studying fluid motion is not as â€Å"natural† as the Lagrangian method since the fundamental conservation laws apply to moving particles, not to fields. -8C Solution We are to determine whether a measurement is Lagrangian or Eulerian. Analysis Since the probe is fixed in space and the fluid flows around it, we are not following individual fluid particles as they move. Instead, we are measuring a field variable at a particular location in sp ace. Thus this is an Eulerian measurement. Discussion If a neutrally buoyant probe were to move with the flow, its results would be Lagrangian measurements – following fluid particles. 4-9C Solution We are to determine whether a measurement is Lagrangian or Eulerian. AnalysisSince the probe moves with the flow and is neutrally buoyant, we are following individual fluid particles as they move through the pump. Thus this is a Lagrangian measurement. Discussion If the probe were instead fixed at one location in the flow, its results would be Eulerian measurements. 4-10C Solution We are to determine whether a measurement is Lagrangian or Eulerian. Analysis Since the weather balloon moves with the air and is neutrally buoyant, we are following individual â€Å"fluid particles† as they move through the atmosphere. Thus this is a Lagrangian measurement.Note that in this case the â€Å"fluid particle† is huge, and can follow gross features of the flow – the ballo on obviously cannot follow small scale turbulent fluctuations in the atmosphere. Discussion When weather monitoring instruments are mounted on the roof of a building, the results are Eulerian measurements. 4-11C Solution We are to determine whether a measurement is Lagrangian or Eulerian. Analysis Relative to the airplane, the probe is fixed and the air flows around it. We are not following individual fluid particles as they move. Instead, we are measuring a field variable at a particular location in space relative to the moving airplane.Thus this is an Eulerian measurement. Discussion The airplane is moving, but it is not moving with the flow. 4-4 PROPRIETARY MATERIAL.  © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission. Chapter 4 Fluid Kinematics 4-12C Solution We are to compare the Eulerian method to the study of systems and contr ol volumes and determine to which of these it is most similar. Analysis The Eulerian method is more similar to control volume analysis.In both cases, mass moves into and out of the flow domain or control volume, and we don’t follow any particular chunk of fluid. Instead we analyze whatever fluid happens to be inside the control volume at the time. Discussion In fact, the Eulerian analysis is the same as a control volume analysis except that Eulerian analysis is usually applied to infinitesimal volumes and differential equations of fluid flow, whereas control volume analysis usually refers to finite volumes and integral equations of fluid flow. 4-13C Solution flow. We are to define a steady flow field in the Eulerian description, and discuss particle acceleration in such aAnalysis A flow field is defined as steady in the Eulerian frame of reference when properties at any point in the flow field do not change with respect to time. In such a flow field, individual fluid particle s may still experience non-zero acceleration – the answer to the question is yes. Discussion ( a = dV / dt ) Although velocity is not a function of time in a steady flow field, its total derivative with respect to time is not necessarily zero since the acceleration is composed of a local (unsteady) part which is zero and an advective part which is not necessarily zero. 4-14C SolutionWe are to list three alternate names for material derivative. Analysis The material derivative is also called total derivative, particle derivative, Eulerian derivative, Lagrangian derivative, and substantial derivative. â€Å"Total† is appropriate because the material derivative includes both local (unsteady) and convective parts. â€Å"Particle† is appropriate because it stresses that the material derivative is one following fluid particles as they move about in the flow field. â€Å"Eulerian† is appropriate since the material derivative is used to transform from Lagrangian to Eulerian reference frames. Lagrangian† is appropriate since the material derivative is used to transform from Lagrangian to Eulerian reference frames. Finally, â€Å"substantial† is not as clear of a term for the material derivative, and we are not sure of its origin. Discussion All of these names emphasize that we are following a fluid particle as it moves through a flow field. 4-5 PROPRIETARY MATERIAL.  © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.Chapter 4 Fluid Kinematics 4-15 Solution We are to calculate the material acceleration for a given velocity field. Assumptions 1 The flow is steady. 2 The flow is incompressible. 3 The flow is two-dimensional in the x-y plane. Analysis The velocity field is V = ( u , v ) = (U 0 + bx ) i ? byj (1) The acceleration field components are obtained from its definition (the material acceleration) in Cartesian coordinates, ? u ?u ?u ?u +u +v +w = 0 + (U 0 + bx ) b + ( ? by ) 0 + 0 ?t ?x ?y ?z ?v ?v ?v ?v ay = + u + v + w = 0 + (U 0 + bx ) 0 + ( ? by )( ? b ) +0 ?t ?x ?y ?z ax = (2) here the unsteady terms are zero since this is a steady flow, and the terms with w are zero since the flow is twodimensional. Eq. 2 simplifies to ax = b (U 0 + bx ) ay = b2 y (3) a = b (U 0 + bx ) i + b 2 yj Material acceleration components: (4) In terms of a vector, Material acceleration vector: Discussion For positive x and b, fluid particles accelerate in the positive x direction. Even though this flow is steady, there is still a non-zero acceleration field. 4-16 Solution particle. For a given pressure and velocity field, we are to calculate the rate of change of pressure following a fluid Assumptions 1 The flow is steady. The flow is incompressible. 3 The flow is two-dimensional in the x-y plane. Analysis The pressure field is P = P0 ? Pressure field: 2U 0 bx + b 2 ( x 2 + y 2 ) ? 2? ? (1) By definition, the material derivative, when applied to pressure, produces the rate of change of pressure following a fluid particle. Using Eq. 1 and the velocity components from the previous problem, DP ? P ?P ?P = +u +v + Dt ?t ?x ?y Steady ( w ?P ?z (2) Two-dimensional ) ( = (U 0 + bx ) ? ?U 0 b ? ? b 2 x + ( ? by ) ? ? b 2 y ) where the unsteady term is zero since this is a steady flow, and the term with w is zero since the flow is two-dimensional.Eq. 2 simplifies to the following rate of change of pressure following a fluid particle: ( ) DP 2 = ? ? ? U 0 b ? 2U 0 b 2 x + b3 y 2 ? x 2 ? ? ? Dt (3) Discussion The material derivative can be applied to any flow property, scalar or vector. Here we apply it to the pressure, a scalar quantity. 4-6 PROPRIETARY MATERIAL.  © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permi ssion. Chapter 4 Fluid Kinematics 4-17 SolutionFor a given velocity field we are to calculate the acceleration. Assumptions 1 The flow is steady. 2 The flow is two-dimensional in the x-y plane. Analysis The velocity components are Velocity components: u = 1. 1 + 2. 8 x + 0. 65 y v = 0. 98 ? 2. 1x ? 2. 8 y (1) The acceleration field components are obtained from its definition (the material acceleration) in Cartesian coordinates, ? u ?u ?u ?u +u +v +w = 0 + (1. 1 + 2. 8 x + 0. 65 y )( 2. 8 ) + ( 0. 98 ? 2. 1x ? 2. 8 y )( 0. 65 ) + 0 ? t ?x ?y ?z ?v ?v ?v ?v + u + v + w = 0 + (1. 1 + 2. 8 x + 0. 65 y )( ? 2. 1) + ( 0. 98 ? 2. 1x ? 2. 8 y )( ? 2. ) +0 ay = ?t ?x ?y ?z ax = (2) where the unsteady terms are zero since this is a steady flow, and the terms with w are zero since the flow is twodimensional. Eq. 2 simplifies to Acceleration components: ax = 3. 717 + 6. 475 x a y = ? 5. 054 + 6. 475 y (3) At the point (x,y) = (-2,3), the acceleration components of Eq. 3 are Acceleration compone nts at (-2,3): ax = ? 9. 233 ? -9. 23 a y = 14. 371 ? 14. 4 Discussion The final answers are given to three significant digits. No units are given in either the problem statement or the answers. We assume that the coefficients have appropriate units. 4-18 SolutionFor a given velocity field we are to calculate the acceleration. Assumptions 1 The flow is steady. 2 The flow is two-dimensional in the x-y plane. Analysis The velocity components are Velocity components: u = 0. 20 + 1. 3 x + 0. 85 y v = ? 0. 50 + 0. 95 x ? 1. 3 y (1) The acceleration field components are obtained from its definition (the material acceleration) in Cartesian coordinates, ? u ?u ?u ?u +u +v +w = 0 + ( 0. 20 + 1. 3 x + 0. 85 y )(1. 3) + ( ? 0. 50 + 0. 95 x ? 1. 3 y )( 0. 85 ) + 0 ? t ?x ?y ?z ?v ?v ?v ?v + u + v + w = 0 + ( 0. 20 + 1. 3 x + 0. 85 y )( 0. 95 ) + ( ? 0. 50 + 0. 95 x ? 1. y )( ? 1. 3 ) +0 ay = ?t ?x ?y ?z ax = (2) where the unsteady terms are zero since this is a steady flow, and the terms with w are zero since the flow is twodimensional. Eq. 2 simplifies to Acceleration components: ax = ? 0. 165 + 2. 4975 x a y = 0. 84 + 2. 4975 y (3) At the point (x,y) = (1,2), the acceleration components of Eq. 3 are Acceleration components at (1,2): ax = 2. 3325 ? 2. 33 a y = 5. 835 ? 5. 84 Discussion The final answers are given to three significant digits. No units are given in either the problem statement or the answers. We assume that the coefficients have appropriate units. -7 PROPRIETARY MATERIAL.  © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission. Chapter 4 Fluid Kinematics 4-19 Solution We are to generate an expression for the fluid acceleration for a given velocity. Assumptions 1 The flow is steady. 2 The flow is axisymmetric. 3 The water is incompressible. Analysis In Problem 4-2 we found that along the centerline, u = uentranc e + Speed along centerline of nozzle: ( uexit ? uentrance ) x2 (1) ?u ?u ?u ?u +u +v +w ?t ?x y ?z (2) L2 To find the acceleration in the x-direction, we use the material acceleration, ax = Acceleration along centerline of nozzle: The first term in Eq. 2 is zero because the flow is steady. The last two terms are zero because the flow is axisymmetric, which means that along the centerline there can be no v or w velocity component. We substitute Eq. 1 for u to obtain Acceleration along centerline of nozzle: ax = u ( uexit ? uentrance ) 2 ? ( uexit ? uentrance ) ?u ? = ? uentrance + x ? ( 2) x ? ? ?x ? L2 L2 ? (3) or ax = 2uentrance Discussion ( uexit ? uentrance ) L2 x+2 ( uexit ? uentrance )L4 2 x3 (4) Fluid particles are accelerated along the centerline of the nozzle, even though the flow is steady. 4-20 Solution We are to write an equation for centerline speed through a diffuser, given that the flow speed decreases parabolically. Assumptions 1 The flow is steady. 2 The flow is axis ymmetric. Analysis A general equation for a parabola in x is General parabolic equation: u = a + b ( x ? c) 2 (1) We have two boundary conditions, namely at x = 0, u = uentrance and at x = L, u = uexit. By inspection, Eq. 1 is satisfied by setting c = 0, a = uentrance and b = (uexit – uentrance)/L2. Thus, Eq. becomes Parabolic speed: Discussion u = uentrance + ( uexit ? uentrance ) L2 x2 (2) You can verify Eq. 2 by plugging in x = 0 and x = L. 4-8 PROPRIETARY MATERIAL.  © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission. Chapter 4 Fluid Kinematics 4-21 Solution We are to generate an expression for the fluid acceleration for a given velocity, and then calculate its value at two x locations. Assumptions 1 The flow is steady. 2 The flow is axisymmetric. AnalysisIn the previous problem, we found that along the centerline, u = uent rance + Speed along centerline of diffuser: ( uexit ? uentrance ) 2 L x2 (1) To find the acceleration in the x-direction, we use the material acceleration, Acceleration along centerline of diffuser: ax = ?u ?u ?u ?u +w +u +v ?z ?t ?x ?y (2) The first term in Eq. 2 is zero because the flow is steady. The last two terms are zero because the flow is axisymmetric, which means that along the centerline there can be no v or w velocity component. We substitute Eq. 1 for u to obtain Acceleration along centerline of diffuser: ( uexit ? uentrance ) x 2 ? ( uexit ? entrance ) x ?u ? = ? uentrance + ax = u ? ( 2) ? ?x ? L2 L2 ? ? or ax = 2uentrance ( uexit ? uentrance ) 2 L x+2 ( uexit ? uentrance ) 2 4 L x3 (3) At the given locations, we substitute the given values. At x = 0, Acceleration along centerline of diffuser at x = 0: ax ( x = 0 ) = 0 (4) At x = 1. 0 m, Acceleration along centerline of diffuser at x = 1. 0 m: ax ( x = 1. 0 m ) = 2 ( 30. 0 m/s ) ( ? 25. 0 m/s ) ( ? 25. 0 m/s ) 3 (1. 0 m ) + 2 (1. 0 m ) 2 4 ( 2. 0 m ) ( 2. 0 m ) 2 (5) = -297 m/s 2 Discussion ax is negative implying that fluid particles are decelerated along the centerline of the diffuser, even though the flow is steady.Because of the parabolic nature of the velocity field, the acceleration is zero at the entrance of the diffuser, but its magnitude increases rapidly downstream. 4-9 PROPRIETARY MATERIAL.  © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission. Chapter 4 Fluid Kinematics Flow Patterns and Flow Visualization 4-22C Solution We are to define streamline and discuss what streamlines indicate. Analysis A streamline is a curve that is everywhere tangent to the instantaneous local velocity vector.It indicates the instantaneous direction of fluid motion throughout the flow field. Discussion If a flow field is steady, streamlines, pathlines, and st reaklines are identical. 4-23 Solution For a given velocity field we are to generate an equation for the streamlines. Assumptions 1 The flow is steady. 2 The flow is two-dimensional in the x-y plane. The steady, two-dimensional velocity field of Problem 4-15 is Analysis V = ( u , v ) = (U 0 + bx ) i ? byj Velocity field: (1) For two-dimensional flow in the x-y plane, streamlines are given by Streamlines in the x-y plane: dy ? v = dx ? along a streamline u (2) We substitute the u and v components of Eq. 1 into Eq. 2 and rearrange to get dy ?by = dx U 0 + bx We solve the above differential equation by separation of variables: dy dx = by ? U 0 + bx Integration yields 1 1 1 ? ln ( by ) = ln (U 0 + bx ) + ln C1 b b b (3) where we have set the constant of integration as the natural logarithm of some constant C1, with a constant in front in order to simplify the algebra (notice that the factor of 1/b can be removed from each term in Eq. 3). When we recall that ln(ab) = lna + lnb, and that –lna = ln(1/a), Eq. 3 simplifies to Equation for streamlines: y= CU 0 + bx ) ( (4) The new constant C is related to C1, and is introduced for simplicity. Discussion Each value of constant C yields a unique streamline of the flow. 4-10 PROPRIETARY MATERIAL.  © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission. Chapter 4 Fluid Kinematics 4-24E Solution For a given velocity field we are to plot several streamlines for a given range of x and y values. 3 Assumptions 1 The flow is steady. 2 The flow is two-dimensional in the x-y plane. Analysis From the solution to the previous problem, an equation for the streamlines is 1 Streamlines in the x-y plane: y= C (U 0 + bx ) (1) y0 (ft) Constant C is set to various values in order to plot the streamlines. Several streamlines in the given range of x and y are plotted in Fig. 1. The directi on of the flow is found by calculating u and v at some point in the flow field. We choose x = 1 ft, y = 1 ft. At this point u = 9. 6 ft/s and v = –4. 6 ft/s. The direction of the velocity at this point is obviously to the lower right. This sets the direction of all the streamlines. The arrows in Fig. indicate the direction of flow. Discussion -1 -2 -3 0 1 2 3 x (ft) 4 5 The flow is type of converging channel flow. FIGURE 1 Streamlines (solid blue curves) for the given velocity field; x and y are in units of ft. 4-25C Solution We are to determine what kind of flow visualization is seen in a photograph. Analysis Since the picture is a snapshot of dye streaks in water, each streak shows the time history of dye that was introduced earlier from a port in the body. Thus these are streaklines. Since the flow appears to be steady, these streaklines are the same as pathlines and streamlines. DiscussionIt is assumed that the dye follows the flow of the water. If the dye is of nearly th e same density as the water, this is a reasonable assumption. 4-26C Solution We are to define pathline and discuss what pathlines indicate. Analysis A pathline is the actual path traveled by an individual fluid particle over some time period. It indicates the exact route along which a fluid particle travels from its starting point to its ending point. Unlike streamlines, pathlines are not instantaneous, but involve a finite time period. Discussion If a flow field is steady, streamlines, pathlines, and streaklines are identical. -27C Solution We are to define streakline and discuss the difference between streaklines and streamlines. Analysis A streakline is the locus of fluid particles that have passed sequentially through a prescribed point in the flow. Streaklines are very different than streamlines. Streamlines are instantaneous curves, everywhere tangent to the local velocity, while streaklines are produced over a finite time period. In an unsteady flow, streaklines distort and t hen retain features of that distorted shape even as the flow field changes, whereas streamlines change instantaneously with the flow field.Discussion If a flow field is steady, streamlines and streaklines are identical. 4-11 PROPRIETARY MATERIAL.  © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission. Chapter 4 Fluid Kinematics 4-28C Solution We are to determine what kind of flow visualization is seen in a photograph. Analysis Since the picture is a snapshot of dye streaks in water, each streak shows the time history of dye that was introduced earlier from a port in the body.Thus these are streaklines. Since the flow appears to be unsteady, these streaklines are not the same as pathlines or streamlines. Discussion It is assumed that the dye follows the flow of the water. If the dye is of nearly the same density as the water, this is a r easonable assumption. 4-29C Solution We are to determine what kind of flow visualization is seen in a photograph. Analysis Since the picture is a snapshot of smoke streaks in air, each streak shows the time history of smoke that was introduced earlier from the smoke wire. Thus these are streaklines.Since the flow appears to be unsteady, these streaklines are not the same as pathlines or streamlines. Discussion It is assumed that the smoke follows the flow of the air. If the smoke is neutrally buoyant, this is a reasonable assumption. In actuality, the smoke rises a bit since it is hot; however, the air speeds are high enough that this effect is negligible. 4-30C Solution We are to determine what kind of flow visualization is seen in a photograph. Analysis Since the picture is a time exposure of air bubbles in water, each white streak shows the path of an individual air bubble.Thus these are pathlines. Since the outer flow (top and bottom portions of the photograph) appears to be ste ady, these pathlines are the same as streaklines and streamlines. Discussion It is assumed that the air bubbles follow the flow of the water. If the bubbles are small enough, this is a reasonable assumption. 4-31C Solution We are to define timeline and discuss how timelines can be produced in a water channel. We are also to describe an application where timelines are more useful than streaklines. Analysis A timeline is a set of adjacent fluid particles that were marked at the same instant of time.Timelines can be produced in a water flow by using a hydrogen bubble wire. There are also techniques in which a chemical reaction is initiated by applying current to the wire, changing the fluid color along the wire. Timelines are more useful than streaklines when the uniformity of a flow is to be visualized. Another application is to visualize the velocity profile of a boundary layer or a channel flow. Discussion Timelines differ from streamlines, streaklines, and pathlines even if the flo w is steady. 4-32C Solution For each case we are to decide whether a vector plot or contour plot is most appropriate, and we are to explain our choice.Analysis In general, contour plots are most appropriate for scalars, while vector plots are necessary when vectors are to be visualized. (a) A contour plot of speed is most appropriate since fluid speed is a scalar. (b) A vector plot of velocity vectors would clearly show where the flow separates. Alternatively, a vorticity contour plot of vorticity normal to the plane would also show the separation region clearly. (c) A contour plot of temperature is most appropriate since temperature is a scalar. (d) A contour plot of this component of vorticity is most appropriate since one component of a vector is a scalar.Discussion There are other options for case (b) – temperature contours can also sometimes be used to identify a separation zone. 4-12 PROPRIETARY MATERIAL.  © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution pe rmitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission. Chapter 4 Fluid Kinematics 4-33 Solution For a given velocity field we are to generate an equation for the streamlines and sketch several streamlines in the first quadrant. Assumptions 1 The flow is steady. 2 The flow is two-dimensional in the x-y plane.Analysis The velocity field is given by V = ( u , v ) = ( 0. 5 + 1. 2 x ) i + ( ? 2. 0 ? 1. 2 y ) j (1) For two-dimensional flow in the x-y plane, streamlines are given by dy ? v = ? dx ? along a streamline u Streamlines in the x-y plane: (2) We substitute the u and v components of Eq. 1 into Eq. 2 and rearrange to get dy ? 2. 0 ? 1. 2 y = dx 0. 5 + 1. 2 x We solve the above differential equation by separation of variables: dy dx = ?2. 0 ? 1. 2 y 0. 5 + 1. 2 x > dy dx ? ? 2. 0 ? 1. 2 y = ? 0. 5 + 1. 2 x Integration yields ? 1 1 1 ln ( ? 2. 0 ? 1. 2 y ) = ln ( 0. 5 + 1. 2 x ) ? ln C1 1. 2 1. 2 1. 2 here we have set the constant of integration as the natural logarithm of some constant C1, with a constant in front in order to simplify the algebra. When we recall that ln(ab) = lna + lnb, and that –lna = ln(1/a), Eq. 3 simplifies to Equation for streamlines: y= 5 y 4 3 2 C ? 1. 667 1. 2 ( 0. 5 + 1. 2 x ) 1 The new constant C is related to C1, and is introduced for simplicity. C can be set to various values in order to plot the streamlines. Several streamlines in the upper right quadrant of the given flow field are shown in Fig. 1. The direction of the flow is found by calculating u and v at some point in the flow field.We choose x = 3, y = 3. At this point u = 4. 1 and v = -5. 6. The direction of the velocity at this point is obviously to the lower right. This sets the direction of all the streamlines. The arrows in Fig. 1 indicate the direction of flow. Discussion 6 (3) 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 x FIGURE 1 Streamlines (solid black curves) for the given velocity field. The flow appea rs to be a counterclockwise turning flow in the upper right quadrant. 4-13 PROPRIETARY MATERIAL.  © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation.If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission. Chapter 4 Fluid Kinematics 4-34 Solution For a given velocity field we are to generate a velocity vector plot in the first quadrant. Scale: 6 Assumptions 1 The flow is steady. 2 The flow is two-dimensional in the x-y plane. Analysis 5 y4 The velocity field is given by V = ( u , v ) = ( 0. 5 + 1. 2 x ) i + ( ? 2. 0 ? 1. 2 y ) j 3 (1) 2 At any point (x,y) in the flow field, the velocity components u and v are obtained from Eq. 1, Velocity components: u = 0. 5 + 1. 2 x 10 m/s v = ? 2. 0 ? 1. 2 y 1 0 (2) 0To plot velocity vectors, we simply pick an (x,y) point, calculate u and v from Eq. 2, and plot an arrow with its tail at (x,y), and its tip at (x+Su,y+Sv) where S is some scale factor for the vector plot. For the vector plot shown in Fig. 1, we chose S = 0. 2, and plot velocity vectors at several locations in the first quadrant. 1 2 3 4 5 x FIGURE 1 Velocity vectors for the given velocity field. The scale is shown by the top arrow. Discussion The flow appears to be a counterclockwise turning flow in the upper right quadrant. 4-35 Solution For a given velocity field we are to generate an acceleration vector plot in the first quadrant.Assumptions 1 The flow is steady. 2 The flow is two-dimensional in the x-y plane. Analysis The velocity field is given by V = ( u , v ) = ( 0. 5 + 1. 2 x ) i + ( ? 2. 0 ? 1. 2 y ) j (1) At any point (x,y) in the flow field, the velocity components u and v are obtained from Eq. 1, Velocity components: u = 0. 5 + 1. 2 x v = ? 2. 0 ? 1. 2 y Scale: (2) 6 The acceleration field is obtained from its definition (the material acceleration), Acceleration components: ?u ?u ?u ?u ax = +u +v +w = 0 + ( 0. 5 + 1. 2 x )(1. 2 ) + 0 + 0 ?t ?x ?y ?z ?v ?v ?v ?v ay = + u + v + w = 0 + 0 + ( ? 2. 0 ? 1. 2 y )( ? 1. 2 ) +0 t ?x ?y ?z 5 4 y 3 2 (3) 1 0 0 where the unsteady terms are zero since this is a steady flow, and the terms with w are zero since the flow is two-dimensional. Eq. 3 simplifies to Acceleration components: ax = 0. 6 + 1. 44 x a y = 2. 4 + 1. 44 y 10 m/s2 (4) 1 2 3 4 5 x FIGURE 1 Acceleration vectors for the velocity field. The scale is shown by the top arrow. To plot the acceleration vectors, we simply pick an (x,y) point, calculate ax and ay from Eq. 4, and plot an arrow with its tail at (x,y), and its tip at (x+Sax,y+Say) where S is some scale factor for the vector plot. For the vector plot shown in Fig. , we chose S = 0. 15, and plot acceleration vectors at several locations in the first quadrant. Discussion Since the flow is a counterclockwise turning flow in the upper right quadrant, the acceleration vectors point to the upper right (centripetal acceleration). 4-14 PROPRIETARY MATERIAL.  © 2006 The McGraw-Hill C ompanies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission. Chapter 4 Fluid Kinematics 4-36 For the given velocity field, the location(s) of stagnation point(s) are to be determined.Several velocity Solution vectors are to be sketched and the velocity field is to be described. Assumptions 1 The flow is steady and incompressible. 2 The flow is two-dimensional, implying no z-component of velocity and no variation of u or v with z. Analysis (a) The velocity field is Scale: V = ( u , v ) = (1 + 2. 5 x + y ) i + ( ? 0. 5 ? 1. 5 x ? 2. 5 y ) j (1) 5 Since V is a vector, all its components must equal zero in order for V itself to be zero. Setting each component of Eq. 1 to zero, Simultaneous equations: x = -0. 421 m 4 3 u = 1 + 2. 5 x + y = 0 v = ? 0. 5 ? 1. 5 x ? 2. y = 0 y 2 We can easily solve this set of two equations and two unknowns simultaneously. Yes, there is one s tagnation point, and it is located at Stagnation point: 10 m/s y = 0. 0526 m 1 0 (b) The x and y components of velocity are calculated from Eq. 1 for several (x,y) locations in the specified range. For example, at the point (x = 2 m, y = 3 m), u = 9. 00 m/s and v = -11 m/s. The magnitude of velocity (the speed) at that point is 14. 21 m/s. At this and at an array of other locations, the velocity vector is constructed from its two components, the results of which are shown in Fig. . The flow can be described as a counterclockwise turning, accelerating flow from the upper left to the lower right. The stagnation point of Part (a) does not lie in the upper right quadrant, and therefore does not appear on the sketch. -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x FIGURE 1 Velocity vectors in the upper right quadrant for the given velocity field. Discussion The stagnation point location is given to three significant digits. It will be verified in Chap. 9 that this flow field is physically valid because it satisfies th e differential equation for conservation of mass. 4-15 PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission. Chapter 4 Fluid Kinematics 4-37 For the given velocity field, the material acceleration is to be calculated at a particular point and plotted at Solution several locations in the upper right quadrant. Assumptions 1 The flow is steady and incompressible. 2 The flow is two-dimensional, implying no z-component of velocity and no variation of u or v with z. Analysis (a) The velocity field isV = ( u , v ) = (1 + 2. 5 x + y ) i + ( ? 0. 5 ? 1. 5 x ? 2. 5 y ) j (1) Using the velocity field of Eq. 1 and the equation for material acceleration in Cartesian coordinates, we write expressions for the two non-zero components of the acceleration vector: ax = ?u ?u +u ?t ?x +v ?u ?y +w ?u ?z Scale: = 0 + (1 + 2. 5 x + y )( 2. 5 ) + ( ? 0. 5 ? 1. 5 x ? 2. 5 y )(1) + 0 10 m/s2 5 4 and ay = ?v ?v +u ?t ?x +v ?v ?y +w ?v ?z = 0 + (1 + 2. 5 x + y )( ? 1. 5 ) + ( ? 0. 5 ? 1. 5 x ? 2. 5 y )( ? 2. 5 ) + 0 3 y 2 1 At (x = 2 m, y = 3 m), ax = 11. 5 m/s2 and ay = 14. 0 m/s2. b) The above equations are applied to an array of x and y values in the upper right quadrant, and the acceleration vectors are plotted in Fig. 1. Discussion The acceleration vectors plotted in Fig. 1 point to the upper right, increasing in magnitude away from the origin. This agrees qualitatively with the velocity vectors of Fig. 1 of the previous problem; namely, fluid particles are accelerated to the right and are turned in the counterclockwise direction due to centripetal acceleration towards the upper right. Note that the acceleration field is non-zero, even though the flow is steady. 0 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x

Christian Science Essay

Modern day America is home to many Protestant groups, most of which had their foundation largely influenced by 19th century Protestantism in the region. During the period, irresistible dynamism rocked American Protestant groups, coinciding with an epoch in which the American society readily allowed the founding of new churches and religious movements. Amid growing revivalism and much freedom to develop, the 19th century also saw mounting interest in millennialism and the rise of Adventism. All these resulted in new Protestant groups, some motivated by the looming Second Coming of Christ and while others invented new religious doctrines. A few broke away from existing churches while others claimed their foundation in new revelations. Among the key churches founded then include the Jehovah’s Witnesses, the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, Christian Science and the Seventh-Day Adventist. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, popular as the Mormons and founded by Joseph Smith, was among the first churches to be formed. In his boyhood, Smith experienced visions via which he was advised against joining existing churches, and told he would be active in restoring true Christianity. In 1823, he was guided by a heavenly messenger named Moroni to a hill in New York, where he discovered strange writing covering two thin golden plates. His translation of the writing, aided by Moroni, is now the Book of Mormon and is based on Christ’s teachings. Mormons deem their faith akin to that founded by Jesus in North America. Although they accept the influence of the old and new testaments, their scriptural doctrine includes the Book of Mormon and two other texts, Doctrines and Covenants and the Pearl of Great Price; both based on Smith’s revelations and sermons. The discovery of the Book of Mormons allured many followers to Smith’s church, whose membership is now roughly eight million, with headquarters in Salt Lake City. Christian Science was on its part founded in 1879 by Mary Baker Eddy, originally a member of a Congregational Church. As a young woman, she suffered from nervous disorders that physicians and hypnotists could not cure. She in 1866 claimed to have been totally cured after reading a New Testament account of one of the miraculous healings Jesus performed. She subsequently founded the church, which she described in her book Science and Health. Its members disregard formal creeds and doctrines, with some fully devoting themselves to tutor others how to use ‘scientific prayer’ to access God’s healing love. Christian Science has over 3, 000 congregations in 50 countries, with headquarters in Boston. This church is seen as the source of New Thought, a larger American religious movement attributed to Emma Hopkins. Emma was Baker’s student and a teacher, whose students later formed new versions of New Thought such as the Unity School of Christianity, Religion Science and Divine Science and the Unity Movement. The latter has congregations in most USA cities and abroad. On the Adventist front, the Seventh-Day Adventist is the main church. It was founded by Ellen White. White was a follower of William Miller, a millennialist who founded the first Adventist denomination and wrongly proclaimed Christ would return in 1843 to preside over a final judgment. Ellen experienced many visions that inspired her books. And being a gifted speaker, she drew thousands to her lectures, in which she attributed the delay of the predicted Second Coming to Christians’ failure to obey the Ten Commandments. Today, the church has nearly four million members, with half a million living in the USA. The Jehovah’s Witnesses is also a millennialist group, formed in 1881 by Charles Taze Russell. At 20, Russell’s study of the Bible led him to a verdict that the Second Coming would occur in 1874, when Christ would invisibly return. This was to be followed by the Battle of Armageddon and end of the world in 1914. His ideas drew him hundreds of followers and membership continued to rise even after his prophesy failed to materialize. The church, with headquarters in New York, now has over two million members in 200 countries. They understand Christ to be God’s son but reject the doctrine of the Trinity and still believe that a ‘great tribulation’ is imminent. Considering that the churches discussed here are just the main ones and have followers worldwide, it is clearly evident that 19th century American Protestantism played a middle role in both the origination and molding of the course, and even beliefs, of numerous modern-day churches and movements. References LD.

Organizational Diagnosis Aligning Business to Present Needs at Translines Logistics Company

Organizational Diagnosis Aligning Business to Present Needs at Translines Logistics Company Sweeping demographic shifts, technological advances, competition, geopolitical realignments, and other related pressures are coalescing with concerns for security, new customer preferences and organizational governance to create momentous pressure for organizational change (Howard, 1994).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Organizational Diagnosis: Aligning Business to Present Needs at Translines Logistics Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The awareness of this multiplicity of factors is critically important since it alert’s managers and other interested parties to a need to have some intervention measures in place to attend to their organizations’ pertinent environmental contexts and to decide on the best way to deal with them. The underlying principle is that organizations need to continually change to adapt to the environmental factors or risk irrelevancy (Harrison Shirom, 1999). This p aper purposes to evaluate organizational diagnosis for change at Translines Logistics Company. The above named company has been experiencing decreasing business in spite of the fact that it was a market leader in logistics and parcel delivery services some years ago. Recent government regulations requiring cargo to be cleared from the port within 24 hours or risk stiff penalties have not helped matters, and the company is losing money charged as penalties for late cargo clearance. Also, customers have been lodging complaints about late or delayed cargo delivery to their warehouses, and some have already left the company due to this problem. According to Harrison Shirom (2007), organizational diagnosis basically entails â€Å"†¦investigations that draw on concepts, models, and methods from the behavioral sciences in order to examine an organization’s current state and help clients find ways to solve problems or enhance organizational effectiveness† (p. 7). After c onducting a series of interviews with managers at the company’s port and head offices, it became clear that the existing organizational structure and technology cannot permit clearance of cargo within 24 hours and, as such, does not fit the current situation as dictated by the government regulation.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A close observation of the company trucks as they moved about transporting cargo to various destinations revealed that drivers were indeed stopping on the way to engage in private business. A perusal of company documents relating to clearance and cargo holding revealed very many layers of authority, thus time wastage. For example, a cargo needed the signatures of 5 managers for it to be released, and some of the managers were ever absent from the office. It is imperative to note that the diagnosis made use of Bolman Dealà ¢â‚¬â„¢s Four Frames Model to identify these underlying issues that generated ineffective outcomes for the company (Noolan, 2004). In consequence, it is clear that the organizational structure needs to be changed so that it is aligned with the current situation that requires faster cargo clearance. In changing the organizational structure, efforts should be made to reduce the layers of authority in a strategy aimed at availing cargo to customers within the designated time-frame. Third, the company needs a total overhaul of its information system to necessitate cargo clearance online instead of doing it manually. This will not only save time, but it will enable the company to save critical resources in terms of wage bills and office space. Lastly, the company could consider investing in high-tech satellite tracking systems to monitor the activities of drivers while on duty. This will go a long way to curtail use of official time for personal purposes, a factor that has been directly linked to the increased customer disenchantment with the company. According to the Four Frames model, every organizational change has some human implications, and it should be the function of change agents or consultants to always ensure that the organization is tailored to meet the human needs (Noolan, 2004). However, the change progressed in this type of situation may in the long run have some implications for the employees by virtue of the fact that some managers may have to be stepped down or moved to other sections to pave way for reorganizing the organizational structure to lessen the layers of authority. Still, some employees will be replaced by the modern information system to be implemented to ensure that cargo is cleared from the port within the designated time-frame. Drivers, on their part, will have to be monitored through satellite to ensure they deliver on time. These implications, though they may appear harsh to employees, will go a long way to align the needs of the organization to its business strategies and the anticipated outcomes. To remain competitive and sustainable, organizations must align their change efforts to the long-term business agenda and key objectives (Franken et al., 2009).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Organizational Diagnosis: Aligning Business to Present Needs at Translines Logistics Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As already mentioned, there exists a multiplicity of factors within the environmental context of organizations that drives change (Howard, 1994). In this particular scenario, the leading driver of change is the sudden shift in government regulations, that is, the introduction of a new regulation requiring companies to clear their cargo within 24 hours or risk penalties. According to Franken et al (2009), many of the factors that drive change are interrelated, and this can be drawn here by the fact that the government must hav e known about the existence of a particular type of technology that can facilitate cargo clearance within a shorter time-frame. Against this backdrop, it can be argued that the convergence of technology is yet another driver of change. Third, shifting customer expectations and new competitive threats can also be identified as other drivers of change. The customer must have known about other competitors in the market and their delivery capability compared against what Tlanslines was offering. Manuela Clara (n.d.) are of the opinion that â€Å"†¦the reasons for the failure of many change initiatives can be found in resistance to change† (p. 3). It is a well known fact that resistance to change introduces costs and impediments in the change process that are inarguably challenging to anticipate, but which must be duly considered when initiating changes in an organization. In this particular situation, resistance may be anticipated from managers who will have to lose their p ositions or be transferred elsewhere in an attempt to reduce the layers of authority and streamline the organizational structure. Second, resistance may be anticipated from truck drivers who may feel uncomfortable with the idea of being tracked via satellite to ensure faster delivery of cargo. Third, resistance may come from fellow employees who may be uncertain about their jobs and other benefits when computerization of the cargo clearance system is fully implemented. From the identification of the underlying factors that have affected the business outcomes of Tlanslines, it can be recommended that structural and administrative reforms be initiated towards necessitating the company meet the government initiatives and remain competitive in business. Such reforms will be in line with the company’s long-term business goal of remaining a market leader in the transportation business.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is also recommended that the company adopts technology frameworks that will inarguably facilitate faster clearance of cargo and faster delivery of the same to customers. Such an arrangement will to a large extent assist the company to maintain its competitive advantage in the marketplace. Finally, it is recommended that all employees be involved in the change process to reduce resistance and make it a success. Reference List Franken, A., Edwards, C., Lambert, R (2009). Executing Strategic Change: Understanding the Critical Management Elements that leads to Success. California Management Review, 51(3), 49-73. Retrieved from Business Source Premier Database Harrison, M.., Shirom, A. (1999). Organizational diagnosis and assessment: Bridging theory and practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc Howard, A. (1994). Diagnosis for organizational change: Methods and models. New York, NY: The Guilford Press Manuela, P.V., Clara, M.F. (n.d.) Resistance to Change: A Literature Re view and Empirical Study. Retrieved from https://www.uv.es/~pardoman/resistencias.PDF Noolan, J.A.C. (2004). Diagnostic models: An Introduction. Web.

Macbeth Essay Essays

Macbeth Essay Essays Macbeth Essay Essay Macbeth Essay Essay AS91101: Formal essay A main character who undergoes a significant change in a text is Macbeth, a character in Shakespeare’s play. He changes from being known as â€Å"noble Macbeth† at the start of the play, to being viewed as a â€Å"tyrant† at the end. This is an important change because it shows a once noble man who would do anything for king and country, to becoming corrupt in his ways. All because of his blinded ambition and desire to become the King of Scotland. Techniques that are used to show these changes are the use of asides and soliloquies, stage directions, figurative language and other character’s opinions. In the beginning of the play Macbeth is seen as a very brave and noble man. This is shown in Act 1 scene 2 when he is praised by the king† O valiant cousin† and the captain â€Å" brave Macbeth†, and is made out to be believed that he is the main reason for Scotland winning the battle. Macbeth is given hyperbolic and lavish praise for his military skills, such as â€Å"they were/as cannons overcharged with double cracks†, a simile which compares the speed and efficiency of Macbeths killing; to a cannon firing shots at once. However this all begins to change in Act 1 scene 3, when Macbeth has his first encounter with the three witches. You start to realise that Macbeth seems quite open to new and exciting ventures. You see this when Macbeth and Banquo are talking to the witches and they tell Macbeth his prophecies. Banquo tells us Macbeth jumps† why do you start†, which suggests he already has the ambition to be a King. Although Macbeth knows the witches might be evil, he is seduced by the last prophecy† that shalt be king thereafter†. This shows the audience that Macbeth is already changing, for the fact that he is already thinking of murder. In Act 1 scene 4, Duncan’s announcement that Malcolm is his heir; shatters Macbeth’s hopes of becoming King. In front of Duncan, Macbeth seems very happy. But to the side he describes Malcolm as† a step/on which I must fall down, or else o’er leap† (this is an example of an aside). This describes Malcolm as an obstacle to the throne, which Macbeth must overcome. This shows that nothing will stand in his way and his ambition is far too great. After this scene, his fate is set and Macbeth knows that he must do what ever is necessary to become king, even if it means resulting in murder. This is mentioned in Act 1 scene 3, when in a aside, Macbeth says to himself â€Å"my thought, whose murder yet is but fantastical†, which shows he is having thoughts of murder even though the witches had never mentioned it. This means that his state of mind is changing from good to evil, all because of his raging ambition to become King. However, Macbeth did know deep inside that murdering Duncan was wrong and at one point had came to the decision not to do it at all. This soliloqy occurred in Act 1 scene 7, while being outside the dinner room Macbeth ponders over wether he should murder Duncan or not. It is shown in lines 12-28 â€Å"he’s here in double trust†¦and falls on th’other†. This describes all the reasons he shouldn’t kill Duncan, throughout this entire soliloquy, he only comes up with one reason why he should, his driving ambition to become king. By the time Lady Macbeth finds him (the one thing pushing Macbeth into killing Duncan) he has changed his mind. However Lady Macbeth accuses him of cowardice and that he doesn’t love her (Act 1 scene 7, lines 35-45). She then moves on to tell him the plan and he is very impressed by her plan and attitude. This shows he has changed in a way that he can no longer make his own decisions and can be manipulated into doing anything if the right things are said. Later in the play you finally see that Macbeth has changed from being â€Å"noble Macbeth† to a â€Å"tyrant†. You see this when Banquo thinks how all the witches prophecies for Macbeth have become true and wonders if they might for him to, â€Å"and set me up in hope†. This reveals Banquo’s hope to be â€Å"the root and father of many kings†. It shows Shakespeare flattering James I, who believed he was a descendant of Banquo). However he becomes suspicious of Macbeth and his involvement in Duncan’s death,† I fear though play’dst most foully for’t†. The use of the word â€Å"foully† reminds us of the witches in Act 1 â€Å"fair is foul and foul is fair† this links into the theme of appearance and reality and the fact it shows the tragedy that is Macbeth. â€Å"The downfall of man has begun†. The fact he has changed from â€Å"noble Macbeth† to a â€Å"tyrant† is finally realised in Act 3 scene 1, lines 48-73; when Macbeth talks about his fears in Banquo.. In these lines he talks about how Banquo is a better man and because of this he feels inferior. He worries about the witch’s prophecy for Banquo: Banquo’s descendants will be Kings. (Macbeth has no children),† they hailed him father†¦sceptre in my gripe†. Because of all of this, he decides to murder his best friend and his son Fleance. All so his line can remain as King. This is the ultimate sign of betrayal and lets you see what exactly his and everybody else’s ambition can drive them to do. It also shows exactly what he will do to remain as King. Even if it means killing everybody he once loved. All of the changes that occur throughout the play are important because it shows Macbeth changing at the beginning of the play from a man of pure heart. To becoming something of absolute evil, all the way up to his well-deserved death. This is all caused by Macbeth’s insane ambition to become the King of Scotland. Ambition has serious consequences in the play: Macbeth is slain as a tyrant and Lady Macbeth commits suicide. Shakespeare does not give either character the opportunity to enjoy what they have achieved – perhaps suggesting that it is more satisfying to achieve your goals fairly than to achieve them through corruption. In testing Macduff’s loyalty, Malcolm outlines the difference between ambition and morality by pretending to be greedy and power hungry. He wants to see if Macduff believes these are good qualities for a King to posses. Macduff does not and therefore demonstrates that a moral code is more important in positions of power than blind ambition. At the end of the play, Malcolm is the victorious King and Macbeth’s burning ambition has been extinguished. But is this really the end to over-reaching ambition in the kingdom? The audience is left to wonder if Banquo’s heir will eventually become king as prophesized by the witches. Will he act on his own ambition or will fate play a part in realizing the prophecy? Or were the witches’ predictions wrong? So to conclude, Macbeth goes through a significant change from being a hero into a scoundrel. This all occurs because of his thriving ambition to have something that was never rightfully his. The throne of Scotland. This is and always will be the tragedy of the play; the tragedy of Macbeth. Sheldon Cullen